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No.3823
 		カナダ人が日本へ行って良いこと悪いこと
by カナダ国籍日本人です from バンクーバー　2004/10/16 01:39:19

ここＪＰＣＡＮＡＤＡはカナダへ来た日本人の広場だから日本人の感じたカナダが服装だの食事だのといろいろと出てきています　自分も日本育ちのカナダ人だから日本人の人のいろいろな疑問や不満が良く判ります。　で逆のことですが　カナダ人が日本へ行ったら日本の何が良くて何に不満か　考えたことありますか？　みなさん。　　
自分は日本へ行ってきたカナダ人の友達にいろいろと日本の感想を聞くので面白いですよ。　
日本ではバターピーナッツが高いので毎日の朝食が不満で帰ってきた男（奥さんはもっと日本に残りたかったようだらしいのに）、　フレッシュオレンジジュースがなかなか安く手に入らなくてこぼしていた女性などいますよ。　一番カナダが恋しかったのは全員共通して｢スペース｣と言いますね。　そう日本は狭すぎるということです。　特に狭いアパート生活などしてきているのでそれがたまらなっかと思います。
だけど私の感じでは10人のうち9人は良い印象をもって帰ってきます。　日本で一番良かったのは食事でも衣類でもなく日本人の外国人に対する親切さです。　これは絶対ですね。　不思議ですね？　何故日本人は白人の外国人に超親切なのでしょう？　私のように日本人の顔をしたカナダ人男性やカナダ生まれだけど中国人の顔している人は良い経験をしたことが有りません。　こちらカナダ生まれの（日本人の顔をしている）息子を連れて日本へ行ったとき新宿駅で息子（高校生でした）が日本人の若い女の子に英語で行き先の駅と乗り換えの電車のことを聞いたとき　女の子達は変な者を見るように無視するような目をして彼の質問に真面目に答えてくれる人はいませんでした。　
息子に何故日本の女の子は不親切なの？　と聞かれて答えようがありませんでした。　何故というに彼はカナダ人の友達が日本へ行って散々楽しい思い出が沢山あると聞かされてから日本へ行ったのでとてもショックだったようです。
良いこと悪いことには　表面的なこと（美味しい、綺麗など）と内面的なこと（歴史　社会感　価値観など）があると思います。
みなさんどう思いますか？

Res.1 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/16 07:40:56

息子さんに話し掛けられた女の子たちは、
「なんで、この人日本人なのに英語で話しかけてくるの？」とか思ってしまっただけかもしれませんよ。悪気はないと思います。
または、彼女たちが英語がわからなかったこともあるでしょう。
実をいうと私も、外人さんが迷っているような素振りをしていると、つい「大丈夫？何処にいきたいの？」と声をかけることがあります。
（というのも、日本語ができないから、駅員に聞けないんだと、判断してしまうので・・・）
ただ、それでフランス語しか話せない方で、声をかけたものの、何いってるのかわからなくて、困ったこともありますが・笑
反対に、日本人に見える人が、路線図を見ててわからなそうにしていても、めったに声はかけません。
路線図を見て自分で探している所なんだろう、と解釈してしまうから。
一回、おばぁさんが一生懸命路線図を見てて、見えないのかなぁ？と思って声をかけたら、中国語でまくし立てられて、お手上げ状態だったこともあります。
息子さんがあまりよい思い出を作れずに帰国されたことは残念ですが、｢日本人に見えるか、外人に見えるか」の違いのせいだと思います。
もし息子さんが日本語で聞いたら、きっとその女の子たちも無視せず答えてくれたと信じたいです。
あとは、日本人は、それほど英語が話せません・笑
”「Excuse me」と言っただけで、逃げた人の数は星の数。”これは、私のオージーの友人が日本に住んでいて言った言葉です。
また、彼女たちは「満員電車」が一番嫌い・・とのことでした。 　
Res.2 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/16 09:15:37

ピーナッツバターの値段の比較はしたことないですが、日本のほうが高いでしょうね。フレッシュオレンジジュースは日本で昔、たぶん２０年くらい前だったらそんなに店にたくさんなかったかもしれないけど、今はたくさんおいてるし、手に入りますよ。値段は日本のほうが高いかもしれませんが。
中国の人は日本人とは外見は見分けがつかず、英語でしゃべると、なんでこの人日本語で聞かないの？と思われたのかもしれませんね。日本て一部の外国人は住んでますが、圧倒的に日本人、単一民族社会だから顔が日本人でも違う国、言葉をしゃべる人がいるってこと、忘れているのかもしれません。女の子も親切ないるし、不親切な子もいるし。
前会社の上司（アメリカ人・白人）が家族で東京に住むようになったんだけど、本人はともかく奥さんは日本が嫌いですみにくかったらしい。子供をつれてアメリカに帰って、その上司は休暇のあいだ１ヶ月とか２ヶ月とか家族にあいにアメリカに帰ってた。アメリカにもどることが決まったときはうれしそうで、さっさと帰ってました。あと奥さんがタイかどっかの東南アジアの人っていましたが、タイから日本に移りすんだけど、結局家族みんなタイにもどった人もいます。言葉の問題も大きいようです。日本語がしゃべれないとかなり行動範囲も狭いし、大変のようです。特にカナダ人が日本に旅行でいくのと、住んでみるのとはぜんぜん違うと思います。旅行者は圧倒的に日本に好印象です。
私はカナダに住んでますが、日本に居たときは日本の悪いところばかり目にはいっていたけど、いまは日本のいいところが目にはいります。カナダも同じでいいところ、悪いところいろいろですね。結局個人の性格、仕事、好みとかでその国に合う、合わないっていうのもあるかもしれません。 　
Res.3 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/16 09:48:20

> 何故日本人は白人の外国人に超親切なのでしょう？

それは日本人に人種差別、民族差別が
あるからです。


日本人は謝罪と賠償を。

　
Res.4 by ななし from バンクーバー　2004/10/16 14:27:09

私も同じような話を中国系カナダ人から聞いたことがあります。彼の弟は、カナダから日本に渡って、英会話教師の職を探そうとしたところ、白人でないからダメと断られたそうです。英語の能力は白人とまったく同じなのに。

それを聞いて私は憤慨しました。日本人の白人コンプレックス（いわば白人崇拝）って未だに根強いんですね。私も日本にいたころ、近所に白人一家が越してきて、近所の人々が異常にちやほやしていたことが思い出されます。その家族の奥さんは、「日本はとても住みやすいところだ。アメリカに帰りたくない。」と言っていました。そりゃそうですよね、アメリカにいるより絶対いい思いしているのですから。

カナダは、オーストラリアやアメリカなどに比べて人種差別が少ないと思いますが、やはり白人で人種差別する人はまだ結構います。私も差別されているなと感じたことがあります。それも露骨にではなくて、なんとなく。アジア人だけでなく、インド系、メキシコ系の移民からも人種差別の話を聞きました。そういったことを多くの日本に住んでいる日本人は知らないようです。

同じ日本人やアジア人が海外で白人から差別されていることも知らずに、日本で白人をひいきするとは、なんとも皮肉な話ですね。そして韓国人や中国人を下に見る。そんなことばかりしているからますます白人中心の世界になってしまうような気がします。同じアジア人としての誇りはないのでしょうか。

もちろん、上記に挙げた話にあてはまらない人もいますが、一般論として取り上げました。私はもっと日本人に日本人として、そしてアジア人として誇りを持って欲しいです。 　
Res.5 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/17 00:36:09

> 同じ日本人やアジア人が海外で白人から差別されていることも知らずに、
> 日本で白人をひいきするとは、なんとも皮肉な話ですね。

アメリカ主導の教育が
日本をだめにした。

マスコミが日本をだめにした。

　
Res.6 by 無回答 from トロント　2004/10/17 05:58:56

>マスコミが日本をだめにした。

これはある意味当たっていると思います。
日本のTVやビルボードなどには見た目のいい白人が沢山出てきますよね。
その為に白人に対する印象が良くなると思います。

アジア系に対しては見た目が日本人と近いために特別視しにくいために厳しい見方をするのではないでしょうか。

それから、今でも英語はやはり白人の言葉だと言う印象を持っている人はかなり多いと思います。

日本での白人はやはりいまだに動物園のパンダの状態なのではないでしょうか。

それから日本人の顔をして英語で話してくると何となく怪しい人って思われちゃうかもしれませんね。だってほとんどの日本人は日本では日本語を話しているのですから、なれない人はとまどうかと思います。 　
Res.7 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/17 09:55:14

ジャパニーズカナディアンで日本で英会話の先生の仕事がみつかりにくかったって話を聞いたことがあります。英語＝白人（白人でも英語をしゃべらない国の人はいるのに）と勘違いされているのでは。 　
Res.8 by 理不尽 from バンクーバー　2004/10/17 10:41:26

１０年程前、中国系カナダ人の友人が日本で暮らしていたときの話です。この友人はドイツ人の友人とモントリオール出身の中国系カナダ人の友人と３人で、駅前留学で有名な某英会話学校に面接に行ったときのことです。面接担当者は「本当に英語しゃべれるの？」と聞いたそうです。その上、「どうやってカナダパスポートを手に入れたか？」と聞いてきたそうです。モントリオール出身のカナダ人は、フランス語の先生希望、ドイツ人の友人はドイツ語の先生を希望していたのに、結局はドイツ人が英語の先生として採用されたそうです。そのとき、中国系はイメージに合わないとはっきりといわれたそうです。またドイツ人の友人も英語は話せるけれど、母国語でもない英語を教えるのは大変だったようです。給料がいいのでなんとか続けるよう頑張ったみたいでしたが結局、３ヶ月が限度だったようです。また、外国人バーのバイトでは、白人とアジア系のスタッフとでは時給にかなりの差があったようです。これも白人の方が見栄えがいいから。でも実際、アジア系外国人が英語・日本語の両方を話すのに対し、白人のスタッフは日本語をほとんど理解できず日本語でのオーダーを取れなかったため、アジア系のスタッフは白人スタッフをサポートしなければならなかった。本来なら、彼らの方が多く支払われるべきでは？そのバーのオーナー（日本人）は時給の差についてこう言ったそうです。「中国は日本に比べて物価も安いし、賃金も安いから、それにあわせている」と。まったく呆れてしまいます。この話はもうずいぶん昔の話なので、今は日本人の外国人に対する意識や制度が改善されていることを期待したいです。 　
Res.9 by 矛盾を解明する友 from 地上　2004/10/17 12:35:50

近年、「日本における人種差別」などという奇怪な話が、時折、欧米マスコミによって取り上げられることがある。それは具体的に何を指すことなのであろう。
わが国では、英国の如く集団でアジア人を暴行するような事件などまず起きない（ましてや多発などは）。また「ジャップ」「チンク（中国人の蔑称）」「グック（韓国人の蔑称）」などに該当するような日本語（スラングすら）は、イギリス人やフランス人などに対して存在しないというのに。

多くの日本人はコケージョン（白人）の如く、人種に基づいた差別などはしない。
では日本人は差別をしない民族か？否である。しかしそれは、人種に基づく差別ではなく、思想やライフスタイルに対する差別なのである。
これは江戸時代以来の「五人組制度」から由来するものと思われる。なにせ、いくら武士の末裔を自称する日本人が多いとはいえ、その実態といえば、実に人口の９割近くが江戸時代末期までは農民層だったのであるから。

実際、日本人がコケージョン（白人）ほど、アフリカ系（黒人）の人々に対して人種差別をするかどうかを知りたければ、六本木や米軍基地周辺の盛り場にでも行ってみればよい。そこで日本の現実がよくわかるであろう。わが国には、アフリカ系人種へのいわゆる「追っかけギャル」というものが相当いる、という現実に驚かされるはずだからだ。今日では、基地周辺だけではなく、日本全土に渡り、アフリカ系男性への「追っかけギャル」が数え切れないほどいるようだ。彼女達は，自らの体のみならず、高価なギフトまでをも惜しみなく彼らに捧げているという。
　
Res.10 by 矛盾を解明する友 from 地上　2004/10/17 12:36:48

日本在住のコケージャン系（特に欧米系）ジャーナリスト達は、自国のメディアにはほとんど、自分達よりも、ニグロイドのほうが近年日本では人気が出始めているという現実を直視しないようだ。なぜなら、そうした報道があまりにも彼ら母国メディアでは流れていないからだ（彼らのプライドゆえか？）。
逆に彼らは、アフリカ系男性が３Ｋ労働に従事していることやら（彼らの母国よりもはるかに良い労働条件なのだが）、たまたま彼らがアパートが見つけにくかったこと（これについては後述する）などの些細な面を槍玉に挙げ，それを針小棒大に報道している始末である。

ちなみに、アメリカ系マスコミによる日本（のみならず諸外国に対する）報道における根底の多くのものは、「自国アメリカ文化」というメジャーを持ち出し、それに該当しないものを「おかしなもの（制度、文化，思想など多くの意味を含む）」として断罪しているのだ。ニューズウイーク（日本語版）などは、日本語でその内容が確かめられるから，疑問に思われる人は検証されると良いだろう。その傾向は、この「日本人・人種差別論」においても如何なく発揮されていると思われる。

　
Res.11 by 矛盾を解明する友 from 地上　2004/10/17 12:38:41

日本のある銭湯・温泉等などには、悪質かつ傍若無人な振る舞いを止めない外国人（概してコケージョンであり、特にロシア人が多い）により、多大な迷惑を蒙っているところがある。彼らは、マナーどころか規定、さらには注意（当然日本語による）をも無視する始末だ。その結果、他の客に対して超傍迷惑な存在となっている。
欧米人の中には、自分達こそが、世界最高の文化を持っている、などとの妄想的錯覚を21世紀の未だに持っている者が多い。それゆえ、アジア人の文化も平気で無視し、土足で踏みにじるようなことが、近世から現代に至るまで多発している。この件もこうした由々しき現象の一つであろうか。

もし欧米でも、店などの規定やマナーを度外視し、また注意等を無視して施設を利用している客がいたならば、そのような者にに対しては、当然、入場禁止措置を取るであろう。しかし、ほとんどの場合、それは我々の母国語である「日本語」による注意ではない。あくまでもそこの現地語による注意がなされるのだ。
そして、たとい我々が現地語を理解できず、結果的にその注意・忠告に従えなかったとしても、入場禁止措置は強硬されてしまうのだ。


翻って，わが国ではどうであろう。こうした欧米人の中には、まったく日本語を解さないで来る客もけっこういる。彼らは、注意をしても理解してくれない、すなわち忠告等を聞き入れてくれないのだ。こうなると、彼らの暴走を止めることはできない。また、それに輪をかけ、多くの日本人は外国人に対して多大に遠慮をする傾向がある。そのため我々が諸外国で規定を破った時に受けるような強行手段を取れないでいるケースが極めて多いのだ。

日本において、「経営者達がロシア語を話すべきだ」などと言うような病的自虐論を言う人もまさかあるまい。もし我々日本人が、モスクワに行ったとしよう。すると、そこにあるほとんどの庶民レベルの宿・レストラン等では、日本語による対応などしてくれないのだ。日本にだけ一方通行、すなわち理不尽なサービスを要求される筋合いなど無いはすだ。

こうした欧米人入浴者による狼藉の結果、他の良識ある客に多大な迷惑がかかっているのはもちろんのことであるが、最も深刻な被害を受けているのは、その銭湯・温泉の経営者達である。こうした欧米人らによる横暴により、規定を守る常識のある一般客は来づらくなり、その結果、そこの経営が悪化してしまったのだから。

こうした最悪の結果として，やむなくそこの経営者達は、「外国人の入浴お断り」の看板を出すに至ったのである。
すると、今度は現実を知らない偽善者達（自称人権家）の捏造と思い込みにより、経営者達は揶揄・批判、はては罵詈雑言―こうした苦肉の選択に対して、何を血迷ったか「人種差別」と罵るのだ―の砲火を浴びせられることになってしまった。これでは経営者達にとって、泣きっ面に蜂である。私は問おう。銭湯経営者達には人権が認められないのかと。しかも最も大切な生存権を。こうした悪質な偽善達に人権を口にする資格など無い。

ちなみに、このような被害は、日本では何も銭湯・温泉に限ったことではない。その最たるケースが，アパート・マンション入居問題であろう。ここでも上記のような理由から、やむなく「外国人お断り」の看板を出しているのが実情なのだ。この件で日本を不当に批判している諸外国メディア及び国内の似非人権家達は、こうしたアパート・マンションの経営者や大家の人々の艱難辛苦をどれだけご存知のであろうか？

こうした事例に対し、海外における日本人旅行者のレストラン・店等でのマナーや服装の失敗を持ち出して上記の問題を相殺しようとする愚かな輩が時折いるようだ。
しかし、現実をよく見てからものを言っていただきたい。欧米のレストラン経営者らが、日本人客の服装規定違いを指摘したからといって、その店がその国中から非難轟々にされることがあろうか？そのような話は、未だかつて読んだことも聞いたこともが無いのだが。そもそも服装ごときが違っていた程度の問題と、衛生状態を汚染し経営破綻を招くような行為が、同レベルの問題として語れるべきであろうか？

　
Res.12 by 矛盾を解明する友 from 地上　2004/10/17 12:39:50

本物の人種差別とは

イギリスなどでは、コケージョンの女性が、ニグロイドの男性とカップルになっているだけで、罵倒されたり石を投げられたりすることが頻繁にあるようだが、日本でそのような事件はまず聞いたことが無い。

それどころか、近年イギリスではコケージョン住民による組織的なリンチ等が、外国人―その多くは非コケージョン―に対して頻繁に起きている。特にマンチェスターで起きたものは、そうした風潮を特別象徴していた。暴動規模もさることながら、それは行政における人種差別政策を否応無く見せつけたものであったからだ。
コケージョン住民により攻撃を受けたアジア系居住区の勇気ある者達は、自己と家族の身を守るために応戦に出たが、騒乱が収まった後、警察によって逮捕された者達のほとんどは、攻撃を受けた側のアジア人であり、イギリス・コケージョンからの逮捕者はほとんど出なかったのだ。
またイギリスでは、「フーリガン」という、スポーツを通しての極右人種差別集団を世界に向けて送り出していることでも著名である。

ちなみに、ドイツでも、アジア系住民（主にトルコ人）に対し、またオランダではアラブ系住民に対して、近年、同種の組織的暴力的行為がしきりに繰り返されている。

アメリカのＫＫＫに関しては、説明の必要もないほどだ。アメリカほど世界の意識と自国のそれが甚だしく異なる国も珍しいであろう。自称「人権大国」を吹聴するアメリカでは、先進国中最大の人種的暴動が毎年起きているのだから。

こうした「人種差別」事件は、日本ではとても考えられないであろう。

　
Res.13 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/17 13:11:26

日本では外国人の行動を
認めるべき
だけど海外で日本人の行動は
外国人のようにならないと許せない！！！

これは日本の常識！
世界の非常識！

　
Res.14 by 人種差別 from 地球　2004/10/17 13:38:00

カナダ人（中国系の女の子）と私（日本人）が一緒に東京を旅したとき車内の女子高生が「こいつら英語しゃべってる。なに様ー」といって非常にいやーな目つきをずっと投げかけられました。年配の方々はまじまじと私たちの顔をかわるがわる見ていましたね。ディズニーランドのダンサーらしき人たちが（きれいな白人）車内でしゃべってる内容はいかに日本人と日本の生活が最悪かということだったけど日本人の乗客たちは何はなしてるんだろう？と耳をそばだてながらやっぱり綺麗だなあという顔で見ていました。日本では低年齢層のアイドルがもてはやされるし若い白いが憧れなんだろうな。でも若い白いはとてもフラジャイルなイメージなんだけど。強い日本はどこにあるんだろう？ 　
Res.15 by 無回答 from バンクーバー　2004/10/17 13:49:00

日本では、英語ができるのをひけらかして自慢するような人は嫌われるからです。
　
Res.16 by 人種差別 from 地球　2004/10/17 13:58:24

あっ思い出した。白人の男の子と電車でしゃべってるときはみんな聞かない振りするだけで変な雰囲気もなかったぞ。どうして？両方ともはじめてきたから一生懸命私のくそ英語で案内していたんだけどな。（涙） 　
Res.17 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/17 14:34:19

Res.18 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/17 16:34:39

俺は日本で外人にあっても英語はまずしゃべらないな。
こないだ帰国した時も知り合いの紹介であった外人が一言目にハロー。
勿論俺は日本語で『こんにちは』っていってやった。
他国にきて挨拶さえもまともにできない外人を甘やかす奴らを俺には理解できん。

　
Res.19 by レス16です from 地球　2004/10/17 20:16:52

私の友達はみんな日本語事前に勉強してきていて買い物やレストランでは試していたよ。でもやっぱりJRの年配の駅員さんとかはわからないみたいだった。観光地のことは日本語で話したら理解できるはずないからね。まあ外国を訪れる以上その地のことを理解・尊重するのが当たり前だけどみんながそうでは無いということですね。日本人がカナダの街角で大声で日本語で話してるのも尊重してるといえるかなぁとおもいました。 　
Res.20 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/18 04:24:34

日本で日本語を話さない外国人が悪い。

中国で中国語を話さない外国人が悪い。

カナダで英語を話さない日本人が
悪いと言われるのと一緒。

日本だけ日本人が英語を話せないのがおかしいというのは問題。


　
Res.21 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/18 08:51:48

いくら日本が英語を中学校から勉強してるからと言っても所詮日本人には身に付いてないでしょう。
私の母親なんかもそうですが外国の人に話しかけられたら、まずわからないから逃げてしまいます。とりあえずノーノーとか言って。不親切というよりわからないものは仕方ないですよ。日本の女の子は不親切なの？ってただその女子高生だけで日本の女の子全体をさされたらたまったものじゃないです。昔ここに来る前、英語なんて全然出来なくって外国の人が私に「らぴっど」って言ってて何かさっぱりわからなかったけど、（今思えば快速）どうにかこうにかしましたよ。そんなものはひとりよります。白人だろうが何だろうが人に親切な人は親切。若い人でも車内で席を譲る人もいれば譲らない人もいる。たずれる方も人を選ばないといけないでしょうね。 　
Res.22 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/18 10:45:09

たんなる、人種差別だと思います。
白人、もしくは黒人にとっては日本はある意味すみやすいかもしれませんね。
最近では韓国人も人気なのかな！？
（文章から、この人のいうカナダ人とは白人のことをさしていると推察しました）

まぁこれは、イイ意味で差別されてる方にとっては気分いいでしょうね。
こんなもんでしょう。
移民をあまりうけいれてない国には多少なりともあることです。

　
Res.23 by 無回答 from 日本　2004/10/18 10:53:05

日本のＣＭを見たら、有名人以外のモデル使用のときはほぼ白人ですよね。残念ながら、日本人の白人コンプレックスはまだまだ残っています。日本人はもともと親切な面もありますが、「白人に親切にしてあげている自分」に酔ってたりもします。

一方で、このごろは韓国ブームになったりと、だんだん変わってきてはいますが、アジア系への優越感や差別心もまだあります。アジア人で日本語を話せないのでフィリピン人か何かと思われて不親切にされたのでしょう。

少しずつでも、かわっていってくれるといいのですが、残念ながら今のところはそんなもんだと思います。 　
Res.24 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/18 11:57:27

　むかつくかも知れませんが、カナダ国籍ならカナダ人と言いなさいとトピ主に言いたい。
　
　カナダ国籍の日本人とかって何か舐めてる感じがする。日本国籍カナダ人って書かれたらどう？

　話変えて悪いね。 　
Res.25 by 確かに・・・ from バンクーバー　2004/10/18 17:06:40

＞女の子達は変な者を見るように無視するような目をして彼の質問に真面目に答えてくれる人はいませんでした。　

トピ主さんは日本語が話せる？（こんなに上手く日本語を書いている）のになぜ日本に行ったときは英語で女子高生に話し掛けたのでしょうか？日本にいる時は日本語を話そうとする努力は必要だと思いますよ。

日本にはまだまだ人種差別がありますね。私が思うに、なぜ多くの日本人は「白人」の外国人に対してだけ優しいのでしょうか？私も不思議でしょうがないです。そのせいか日本にいる対外の白人は鼻をくくっていますよね。 　
Res.26 by 無回答 from バンクーバー　2004/10/18 19:19:53

肝心な事に焦点を合わせてはどうだろうか。

英語教師就職でハッキリと人種差別を受けた例、これは明かに「Human Rights」無視。年齢制限にしても同じ。無視できると言う事は元々Human Rights（人権）が日本に存在しない証拠だから人種差別など公然と行われるのだ。何故皆それを指摘しないのか？　ここで文句を言っても始まらない、こちらから事実を日本に報告したらどうだろう。これが文明国か？人権を護らないのが日本国なのか？恥ずかしくないのかと。この際日本を教育する方向に話題を持っていけないものだろうか。

チープで幼稚なエンタテイメント（幼稚園の学芸会並）に洗脳され、プロと素人の判別も出来ないこのザマ。　間違った自由主義や民主主義を叫んでいる姿は滑稽だ。日本の教育は一体どうなってるのか？学校教育だけではない、親もブザマだ。 　
Res.27 by 日本人 from バンクーバー　2004/10/19 13:59:31

日本に居る時には日本語を話し、日本の法律を守るのは当然のこと。郷に入っては郷に従え、でしょ。
これには○○人だから〜というのは関係ない！

何人かの方がおっしゃっているが、外国人というだけで親切にしてやる日本人がいることにも腹がたつが、それに便乗して調子に乗っている外国人どもにも相当腹が立つ。特に白人や黒人は個人的に嫌いだし、生意気なのでかなり冷たく接することに決めている。こういうやつらは親切にしてやるとつけあがるので。

それから、東京のような大都会、忙しい街で他人に親切さなんか求める方が不思議だ。これは日本だけではない、世界中どこでも一緒。例えばトロント、ニューヨーク、北京、パリなどなどを考えれば分かるでしょ。
その東京で日本の共通語である日本語を話さず、外国語である英語で話しかけたのだから無視（もしくは冷たくあしらわれて）当然。外国語で尋ねて相手が答えてくれたらその相手の人は仏のような人だよ。親切にされて〜なんて話に舞い上がっているバカも居るようだが、その土地ではその土地のルール、習慣を守るようにして謙虚にしていないと危ないよ、世の中にはネオナチやKKK、右翼などとよばれる人々も居るんだからね!!!

　
Res.28 by 引用しただけ from 無回答　2004/10/19 16:56:47

＜人種偏見されている現実を認めない海外の日本人達＞

「差別を受けたことが無い」という日本人の中には、英語、特にヒアリングの苦手な人が多いように見受けられる。日本でも話題になった邦人銀行マンによる英国滞在記「イエロー」の中で、筆者が「英語がわかるといやでも差別が聞こえてくる」と言っている如く。

確かに、英語がわからなければ、アメリカ滞在初期の野口英世のごとく、「イエローペリル（黄禍）」と面と向かって罵倒されても、それが理解できずニコニコ微笑んでしまうやもしれない。特に差別用語は、口語さらにはスラングが多いゆえ、英語の苦手な人には多分にわかりにくい。ちなみに在ロンドンのライターである林信吾氏は、かなり「ジャップ」と言われたそうだ。

一方ダブルスタンダードの最先進国・アメリカでは、この問題では意見が真っ向から分かれている。コケージョンサイドは、アメリカにおける人種偏見を大方全面否定。一方アフリカ系を始めとする非コケージョンサイドはアメリカにおける人種差別の実情をほぼ現実そのものとしている。
　
Res.29 by 引用しただけ from 無回答　2004/10/19 16:59:01

＜人種偏見されている現実を認めない海外の日本人達・�供�

欧米にいると理不尽な思いを余儀なくされる非コケージョン人種が多い。
その中で、日本人であるが裕福なため現地で何不自由なく暮らしている人々や、現地人の伴侶という大きな味方を持っている邦人らが、孤立無援で戦っている立場の弱い同邦達に対し、状況もわからずに偉そうに諭そうとするような、理不尽をよく見かけるし、またネットを通して拝見することがある。
こうした傲慢さは傍から見ていて、不愉快極まりないものだ。

このように大上段に振舞う邦人たちがよくこねる（屁）理屈とは、その大方が一般論として人種論を語っているのではなく、「自分が」「自分の知っている人が」どうだった、といったように、極めて狭い自分のごく身近による私見、すなわち主観的感情論がほとんどなのだ。

これについてわかり易い例えを挙げよう。
小学校で、教師が、社会科の時間、「日本の主食は米です」と教えている。すると、ある生徒がそれに反論してこう言った。「いいえ。それはうそでーす。わたしのうちじゃパンを食べまーす」。上記の人々の（屁）理屈に酷似していまいか？

コケージョンによる差別を、「一部の人々」と勝手に決め込む人がよくいるが、ならば、それは、いかなるデータを根拠に主張されているのだろうか。
そもそも「全部」でなければ、「一部」と言う程度の日本語感覚自体がおかしいのだ。日本語には他にも「ある程度」、「かなり」、「それなり」、「幾分」、「だいたい」等、その中間を詳細に表現する語彙が十分あるのだから。

自分のイメージや思い込みのみで、現実も知らず、見ず、聞かず、それでいて「似非日本人国際観」をのたまわっているこうした売国奴的特権邦人がいかに多くて嘆かわしいことか。

確かに人種差別をするような輩が、世界中どこにでもいることなど周知既存の事実である。しかし問題となるのは、そういった連中の『量』と『質』なのである。すなわち『人種差別者達が、大手を振って闊歩できるような国かどうか』によって、その国の差別的度合いというものが問われるのではなかろうか。
　
Res.30 by 引用しただけ from 無回答　2004/10/19 17:00:50

＜人種偏見されている現実を認めない海外の日本人達・�掘�


本来、自分自身も受けているコケージョンからの人種差別・偏見行為を認めようともせず、それどころか勇気をもってそれと戦おうとしている同胞の日本人までをも攻撃しようとする、こうした売国奴的卑劣な邦人達とは、大まかに分類すれば以下のようになるであろうか。

�―醋韻龍譴靴澆鮹里蕕覆て淡�階級もしくは裕福層の邦人

　領事館職員、大手企業の駐在員ら在外邦人ヒエラルキーの上層部を占める者達。また金持ちの留学生達など（いわゆる「ぼんぼん」）。
彼らには、どんな場所であっても「金さえ出せば、待遇を良くしてもらえる」という常識が欠如しているのであろう。そのため、斯様な自分達の環境こそが、現地における本来の在り方だと盲信しているようだ。また、それががゆえ、これまで挙げてきたようなような妄言を吐くのであろう。
外務省職員は、邦人保護よりも、むしろ現地人との問題をできるかぎり小さくすることにエネルギーを注いでという噂はかなり広がっている。

��現地のコケージョンを夫に持つ日本人もしくは日系人妻

　日本人女性は従順ゆえ、夫と同じ視点に立とうと常に努めているものが多いようだ（良くても悪くても）。

��コケージョン（白人）崇拝者

　いわゆるコケージョンの犬、もしくは豚になり下がった唾棄すべき愚かな邦人達。こういう者達が、最も非コケージョン人種（有色人種）に対して偏見を強く出しているようだ。自虐までしてコケージョンの視点に立とうとしているのだから当然か。

�け儻賣呂量気だ�善説主義者

　　冒頭に挙げた野口英世の渡米直後もそうだった。しかし彼と違い、現地に住んでも、一向に英語が上達しない邦人も数知れず多い。彼らに対して英語の中傷誹謗は完璧に馬耳東風である。またお人善しの日本人などは、コケージョンの明らかに意図的な侮蔑的な態度をとられても，相手のことを意に介さないことがある。

�ッ韻鵬燭盍兇犬覆ぁ屬椶鵑�ら」

　暴力でも振るわれなければこういう人たちは人種偏見・差別を偏見・差別として受け入れることはできない。
この種の類の邦人は、レストランなどで人種偏見をする場合の常套手段＝「今満席で入れない」（実際は空いているのだが）というのをまったく真に受けてしまうのだ。

　
Res.31 by 引用しただけ from 無回答　2004/10/19 17:03:39

＜人種偏見されている現実を認めない海外の日本人達・�掘�

このような売国奴的海外在留邦人らが差別を受けて悩んでいる邦人達に対してよく言うセリフがある。それは概ね以下のようなものだ。

●「嫌だったら日本に帰ればいいじゃない。なんでこの国に来たの？」

　（→「遊び」と「仕事」を、同列に考える愚かな裕福層による現実を知らない妄言）

●「あなたは、この国で何か（個人的に）嫌なことでもあったの？」

　（→一般論を個人的感情論に置き換えている）

●「どこにも悪い人はいる。日本だって○○のような悪いところがある」

　（→その「質」と「量」の差が大問題なのだ）

●「私なんか人種差別されたことがない」

　（→そういう人をよく観察すると、やはり、白人から席を避けられたり、順番を意図的に後回しにされているのだ。すなわち彼らは、現実を現実として認めていないだけ、すなわち妄想を述べている）

●「こうしたこと（すなわち人種偏見）は、あなた自身（すなわち人間性）に問題があるからだ」

　（→すなわちこれは、「私はあなたとは違いよくできた人間であるので問題が無い」という自己顕示を主張しているわけだ。現実はというと、こういう人に限ってよく問題をおこしているようだ）

●「みんな（在留邦人の意味）ここはすみやすいと言ってるよ」
「ここの国の人たちはみんな親切で良い人だよ。あなたがこの国の人のことをよく知らないだけだろ」

　（→「みんな」とは、いったいどれくらいの数値・割合を占めているのかを、彼らは明確に提示した例がほとんど無い。なぜなら彼らが言う「みんな」とは、「自分」もしくは「自分の知っている極小数の邦人」程度が実情だからだ）

●「そんなこと気にしなければいいじゃない。どうして、そんな細かい（？）ことにいちいちこだわるの」

　（→こうした者に限って、非白人の振る舞いに対しては、異常なほど厳しい批判がよく出るようだ）

●「あんた文句ばっかり言って。きっと寂しいのね」

　（→反論されて愚の音も出なくなった時に出てくる彼らの常套句。つまり捨てセリフ）
　
Res.32 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/19 18:18:03

このようなことは日本に限らず世界中どこにでもあります。フランスにしてもスペインにしても、まず最初に現地の言葉を話さなければ当然無視されます。少なくとも、現地の言葉で挨拶をして、その後英語を話しても大丈夫か（相手が英語を理解できるのか）を確認してから英語で話すほうが相手に対する印象もよくなると思います。逆を言えば、あなたの御子息がここカナダに於いていきなり日本語で話しかけられたのと同じです。 　
Res.33 by カナダが長い日本人とカナダ人 from バンクーバー　2004/10/20 02:54:52

トピ主です
沢山の書き込み大変興味深く読ませていただきました
自分は日本生まれの日本育ち　カナダが長くても日本での生活の方が長いので　英語に不自由は無くても食事など生活の基本パターンは日本的。　しかし息子はここカナダ生まれだから　日本語は結局駄目で　英語族になったしまった。
思考するのもカナダの社会基準と価値判断になるので言葉だけでなく行動も非日本人風。
顔だけ日本人。　
親が日本人なので日本の文化などに非常に興味を持っているが　日本人風になれない。　何故なら日本で生活していないから。
自分達夫婦はカナダ国籍を（勿論息子も　生まれたときから）取っているので法律的にはカナダ人　しかし人種的には日本人　生活態度も50％は日本人風。
毎年自分達夫婦は日本語を忘れて行くし（特に書くときに漢字が出てこない　パソコンの自動転換でどうやら格好つけていますが）会話の時には英語が多くなって行く。　友人も似たような人が多い。　カナダ人（ここで生まれた人）や日本を離れて○十年という人も多い。
最近の日本の流行も文化も社会風潮や常識も無くなってゆくので自分が何だか判らなくなる。
息子は完全にカナダ人。
世界の国でそれぞれの国を離れて他国に住むとみんなその国の土地の人に染まってゆく傍ら母国の文化に対するノスタルジアーがある。　しかしそのノスタルジアーは時として　現実にその土地を再び訪れたときに大きなギャップを感じると思う。　何故ならそのノスタルジアーのものがその土地に既に失われていてもう存在しないか　全く別のものに変貌してしまっているから。　
ブラジルの日本人（日系人）がそうだった。　
日本が敗戦したとき　その敗戦を信じない勝ち組と　負けたと理解する負け組が　憎みあうほどの騒ぎになった。　天皇の神の国が負けるわけ無いと信じた勝ち組の哀れ
金成日を将軍さまと盲信する哀れな北朝鮮の民たち
で話が横に来てしまったが　人間はその国の社会風潮に染まってしまい　非その土地の風潮か独立した別個の思想をなかなか持ち得ないということ　それが変化しながら現在の日本人の白人崇拝の文化を創ってきたと思うからです
視点が離れているように見えますが　そうではない。
神様であった天皇の国　日本が負けた
そんな日本に勝ったアメリカは敗戦の日本に財閥解体　男女平等　思想と結社の自由　教育の振興などそれまで軍閥一辺倒で来た日本人思考をコペルニクス転回で価値観を180度変えてしまった。　これがそれまで日本に全く無かったアメリカ人崇拝＞外人特に戦勝国である白人崇拝へと発展したのが　日本人の白人崇拝のルーツであると私は思う。　アメリカは偉い　日本人庶民を騙して思想コントロールして戦争と帝国主義国へ駆り出したのを救ってくれたのだからと。　白人崇拝欧米崇拝の社会風潮が白人文化崇拝へ発展し　その表れの一つが末端ではルイビトンだエルメスだと欧米のブランド崇拝に摩り替えられた　これはデパートや輸入商社の販売戦略に庶民が乗せられた結果かもしれない。
歴史的背景は異なれど移民で出来あがった国家であるブラジルには白人崇拝は全く存在しない。　一番優秀民族と思われているのはアフリカから移住してきた黒人との混血　モレーナ達。　そしてこの国で経済的にも学問世界でもリーダー的存在の日本人の二つがトップだ。
白人は一番下の存在で肩身を狭くして生活している。　面白い　世界中で白人が優越感を感じられないで生活している国が存在しているとは　　白人と言ってもポルトガル系　ドイツ系など色々だがコケージョンはコケージョンだ。
この国はだから人種差別が全く無い　カナダと同じ移民社会なのに。
サンパウロの街中を日本人男性が歩いてご覧
美人のブラジル娘が付いて来る　本当にここは日本人が誇りを持て住める国。　何故　それはこの国の歴史と文化がそのように育ってきたからと思う。
韓国中国の人間は日本の戦争侵略の歴史から今でも人種差別されたことを恨んでいる。　尤もだと思う。　関東軍に限らず天皇崇拝＞純潔日本人最高思想＞周辺国侵略植民地化＞非日本人を差別することに因る自分達の侵略の正当化
の思想が　たまたま世界地図で侵略日本の周辺国であった中国　韓国の人たちに対する人種差別に直結した。　ナチスドイツがユダヤ人を抹殺し純粋ドイツを創るという名目で周辺国に侵略したのと同じだ。　でそのときの人種差別思想が負けた戦争の後でもドイツにも日本にも一部残っている。　あいつらの国は俺達の植民地だったんだ　だから矢張り俺達日本人の方が優秀人種なんだと。　負けた欧米には　すごい国だ　俺達より優秀だ　と崇拝主義になったのだと思う。　仮に第二次世界大戦で日本とドイツが連合国に勝っていたら世界はどうなてちるか？　日本に白人崇拝主義の社会風潮が生まれていただろうか？
日ごろカナダ人を始めとする白人に差別されていると感じる　日本人のみなさんへ。
私は差別を感じません。　ビジネスでも小さい取引でも　個人家族間の付き合いでも　自己主張の強い　自己中心主義のカナダで（アメリカでも）日本人風に謙譲の美徳　控えめ主義の日本風にしないで堂々と（英語力も含めて）カナダ風のジェスチャーで話をすると　特に自分の方がより理論的でよりアグレシブであるとカナダ人はその人を対等に見てくれると言うか　自分自身を彼らと対等以上の存在にもって行くことが出来ます。　自分自身はカナダ人と付き合うときは　彼ら以上にカナダ風（ジェスチャーや常識や話題や文化や　ニュース情報なども）であることを見せるので　時として彼ら以上の存在として認められていると思っています。　しかしながら日本での日本の女の子に　それが通じない。　顔が日本人なので日本人風にしないと異端人になてって場バシングされるか無視されるかーーーというエーリアンに対する日本風の日本人間に通用する世界的にも面白い差別に遭うということです。 　
Res.34 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/20 03:52:20

トピ主さん　それだけ論理的に考えるのが得意なら、「韓国中国の人間は日本の戦争侵略の歴史から今でも人種差別されたことを恨んでいる。」ここら辺ももっと論理的に考えてね。
お勉強ならここでどうぞ。
http://bbs.enjoykorea.naver.co.jp/jaction/list.php?id=enjoyjapan_8 　
Res.35 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/20 10:24:51

え、トピヌシさんが嫌な思いしたんでなくってあなたの息子さんが嫌な経験したんですよね？
＞私は差別を感じません。　ビジネスでも小さい取引でも　個人家族間の付き合いでも　自己主張の強い　自己中心主義のカナダで（アメリカでも）日本人風に謙譲の美徳　控えめ主義の日本風にしないで堂々と（英語力も含めて）カナダ風のジェスチャーで話をすると　特に自分の方がより理論的でよりアグレシブであるとカナダ人はその人を対等に見てくれると言うか　自分自身を彼らと対等以上の存在にもって行くことが出来ます。　自分自身はカナダ人と付き合うときは　彼ら以上にカナダ風（ジェスチャーや常識や話題や文化や　ニュース情報なども）であることを見せるので　時として彼ら以上の存在として認められていると思っています。　しかしながら日本での日本の女の子に　それが通じない。　顔が日本人なので日本人風にしないと異端人になてって場バシングされるか無視されるかーーーというエーリアンに対する日本風の日本人間に通用する世界的にも面白い差別に遭うということです。

ってことはトピヌシさんが嫌な経験したの？よくわからない。で、これだけ色々書いてくれたのですが結局「日本人は白人崇拝してる」ってことが伝えたかったんですか？普通？この様な意見が出たあとって「あー、そうですね、日本語でまずこんにちはと言うべきだったかもしれないですねー」とかでないですか？ねたですか？ 　
Res.36 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/20 14:36:51

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/faq/index.html
1947年末、金日成は共和国憲法、国旗、国章を定めることにした。その後1948年1月になって画家たちが仕事をしている庁舎を訪ねた金日成は「国章には労働階級を核心とする労農同盟に基づく広範な人民大衆の統一団結と強力な現代的な工業と先進的な農業の発展展望がはっきりと描かれなければならない」と述べ、さらに数日後には、国旗の白の円のなかには赤い五角星を描くようにしたのであった。

国旗図案が完成し、国章図案も完成段階にいたったころ、「反党反革命宗派分子らの策動が執拗」で「国章に李朝時代の王宮である景福宮を描かねばならない」と主張したとされる。金日成はこうした「反党不純分子らの妨害」を一蹴し「富強繁栄する新朝鮮の未来を示す発電所を描かねばならない」と指示したのであった。こうして北朝鮮の国旗と国章が世に登場したのであった。


　共和国の国章は、「朝鮮民主主義人民共和国」と記した赤い帯をまいた稲穂の楕円形の枠の中に壮大な水力発電所を配し、その上に革命の聖山である白頭山と、さん然と輝く赤い五角星がある。国章の上部の星と光は、共和国が受け継いだ革命伝統と朝鮮人民の明るい未来を象徴している。水力発電所は、強力な重工業を軸とする自立的な近代工業と労働者階級を象徴しており、稲穂は発達した農業と労働者階級の同盟者である農民を象徴している。

この水力発電こそ、日本が北朝鮮に残した最大の遺産であり、当時の北朝鮮にはまだ新規に計画し、着工するだけの力はなかった。この事実から、北朝鮮は日本が北朝鮮に何の貢献もしなかったとは言えない筈である。

　
Res.37 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/20 14:38:47

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/faq/index.html
１．栄達した朝鮮人

１９１０年日本は韓国を併合すると、韓国の王族を日本の皇族とし、併合に貢献した人を貴族とし、爵位を与えた。併合当時の首相李完用は伯爵（後公爵）に任じられたのを始め、７６人の功労者に爵位が授与された。又１３人の道長官には、日本人７人朝鮮人６人が登用された。１９２４年には総督府の学務局長にも朝鮮人が任用されている。
　一寸驚くのは陸軍中将の洪思翊と衆議院議員の朴春琴である。特に衆議院議員は選挙に当選しなければならない。朴春琴は東京で２回も当選したのである。
朝鮮人だからといった差別がなかった何よりの証拠である。尚朝鮮では日本人・朝鮮人共に選挙権も被選挙権もなく、逆に内地では朝鮮人も日本人と全く同じ選挙権・被選挙権を持っていたのである。１９４５年には選挙法が改正になり、次の選挙には朝鮮にも１８人の定員が割り当てられたが、敗戦で実現に至らなかった。
　貴族院議員には１９３２年朴泳孝が任命されたのを始め、数人任命されている。
　公爵・伯爵・陸軍中将・国会議員を輩出している朝鮮人が奴隷状態とは、戦時プロパガンダに過ぎない。　　

２．米の飢餓移出

　韓国の高校歴史教科書には、米穀生産量と収奪量の推移の表を掲載し、「生産量の増加を上回る収奪量の増加により、朝鮮人は米を食べられなくなった」と日本を非難している。
このことは事実であり、当時の農民の苦痛は大変なものであったことも事実である。しかしこれは自由経済のもとで、価格が暴落した為であり、当時の日本の東北地方も同じ事であった。しかし当時は米は自由売買であり、決して強制されたものではない。

　昭和初期は昭和恐慌として名高い時期である。１９２５年（大正１４年）から１９３１年（昭和６年）にかけ米の価格は３分の１に暴落した。内地では価格の暴落は、朝鮮、台湾からの安価な米が無制限に入ることが原因であると言われ、農林省では内地農民の保護のため、朝鮮、台湾からの移入制限を主張した。それに対し朝鮮総督府は朝鮮農家の保護を要求し、陸軍の応援を得て、移入制限を拒否し通したのである。これに怒った石黒忠篤農林次官は辞表を出している。

　即ち米騒動のあった大正時代は、日本は米不足で、台湾、朝鮮からの米を欲したが、昭和に入ると各地とも増産体制が整い、不況による消費の減少もあり、米余り時代に入っていたのである。朝鮮では米に代わる換金作物が無く、衣類その他を買うためには米を売る以外に方法はなかったのである。

　この時代アメリカでは同じように砂糖、椰子油等をめぐり、フィリピンとの貿易摩擦が問題となっていた。更にフィリピンからの移民と労働組合との労働摩擦が加わった。この圧力により、１９３５年（昭和１０年）フィリピン自治政府が発足し、１０年後の独立が決まった。アメリカは総督に代わり、拒否権を持つ高等弁務官がいるだけで、殆ど独立に近い形になった。即ちフィリピンは独立を勝ち取ったが、実質はアメリカのフィリピン切り捨てだったのである。日本でも議会等で朝鮮切り捨てを主張する人がいたとの事である。　即ちアメリカはフィリピンを植民地と考え、自治政策をとり、遂には独立させた。つまりあくまでアメリカとは違う民族、国と考えたのである。それに対し日本は朝鮮を併合し、将来的には完全に一つの国となるよう運営した。その違いがインフラ整備の違いとなって現れ、工業化の度合いの違いとなって現れたのである。

日本は水深の浅い黄海の干拓、荒蕪地の開墾による農地の拡大、水利施設の整備による灌漑面積の拡大等に補助金をつけ奨励した。しかし計画年度の前半はインフレのため、予算が不足し計画が進まなかった。１９２５年更新計画を立て軌道に乗ったが、今度は逆にデフレとなり、韓国が非難するとおり、返済不能となった水利組合が続出した。１９３５年これらの水利組合を解散させるもの、金利の減免等で救済するもの等に分類し救済した。即ちこの危機を乗り越えられなかった農民は土地を失い、大変な苦難に陥ったが、この危機を乗り切った農民はその後のインフレにより、大変な利益となったのである。

　朝鮮の人口は衛生の改善により、日本統治下で倍増しており、このように多額な投資を行っても農地の拡大は、人口増に追いつけず、日本・満州への進出は不可欠だったのである。

　
Res.38 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/20 14:40:46

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/faq/index.html
３．強制連行の嘘

　日本では支那事変が始まった翌年の１９３９年、軍需工場への徴用制度が始まった。一方朝鮮では労働力はまだまだ豊富だった。朝鮮では人口の増加により、土地を貰えない農家の次男、三男は内地への移住を熱望していた。所が昭和恐慌時、彼らの内地移住は日本人労働者の職を奪うとして制限されていた。特に内地の企業は朝鮮で従業員を募集することが禁止されていた。それがこの年自由に従業員を募集することが許されたのである。

労働需給が逼迫してきた１９４２年自由募集から官斡旋に変わった。この時から斡旋とは言いながら、実質的に強制であったと言われている。しかしこれは、法的にはあくまで斡旋であり、強制力はなく、逃げても金銭面さえ解決して居れば罰則はなかった。内地並に徴用が始まったのは、戦争も終わりに近づいた１９４４年からである。この官斡旋、徴用は強制連行と言われているが、手錠をかけ、拉致したのではなく、徴兵と同じように、所定の場所に出頭を命じられ、そこから係員に引率され、所定の労働場所へ行ったのである。当時の鉱山や土木現場はまだ機械化されていなかったので、大変な重労働だった。更に戦争末期には食料配給機構が崩壊し、大変な苦労をかけた。そのため今日でも怨嗟の元となっている。

　尚従軍慰安婦問題は別項で述べるが、ABC of Modern Japanese Histry でも色々記述されているので、参照されたい。

４．熱狂的な志願兵の応募

　１９３７年支那事変の勃発により、内地から戦場に出動する日本軍の大部分が、朝鮮半島を汽車で通過した。それに伴い、沿線の主要駅での湯茶の接待や、慰問品の受け渡しを、朝鮮人も日本人と一緒に行った。各駅は連日連夜、万歳の声が轟くようになった。軍隊に通訳その他で随伴していく朝鮮人の軍属も少なくなく、送る者、送られる者の美談は数知れず、涙と笑いの交歓が何ヶ月も続いたのである。

丁度その頃金錫源陸軍少佐は、千名の日本人部下を指揮する大隊長として、支那の大軍を、山西省で木っ端微塵に撃破し、朝鮮人として始めて「金鵄勲章功三級」が授与された。少佐クラスでしかも生存者での「功三級」は全く破格でした。このビッグニュースは朝鮮の新聞に連日、「金部隊長奮戦記」「戦塵余談」等がでかでかと紹介された。日本兵を率いて、支那を撃つというのは、朝鮮人にとって夢みたいな事だったのである。　

支那派遣軍を駅で送る歓声と旗の波、それに金大隊長の賛歌で、自然に朝鮮人のボルテージが上がった。それと共に朝鮮人は自信と誇りを持ち、内鮮一体の空気が強まった。民族主義者尹致昊、天道教の崔麟等の大物が朝鮮神宮に参拝し、戦勝祈願祭の式典をあげ、総督府のお偉方を驚かされたのもこの頃であった。このような雰囲気で１９３８年実施された志願兵制は、４００人の採用に対し、３千人も応募があった。この倍率は年々増加し、１９４２年には６２倍を超えたのである。翌１９４３年の応募者数は３０万人で、恐らく朝鮮人男子の１８才から２２才位迄の健康な青年の大部分が応募したと思われる数字です。（当時の人口約２４００万）これは現在の日韓双方の青年は信じられない事だと思います。　

後の駐日韓国大使、崔慶禄も志願兵の一人であった。彼は陸士への合格が決まっていたにも関わらず、所属部隊がニューギニアへ出征が決まったとき、「学校で何年も過ごしていては、第一線でご奉公の時を失する」と言い、第一線へ出征したのである。兵役を嫌った人がいたであろうことは否定しないが、このように日本人と同じように、自ら進んで兵役についた人も多数いたのである。これらの状況から朝鮮にも１９４４年徴兵制が敷かれたのである。
徴兵制を敷くことは朝鮮人の忠誠心を信じなければ出来ないことである。反日的なムードの中では、彼らに持たせた銃の筒先がいつ自分に向けられるか分からない。

朝鮮人指導者は相次いで朝鮮人青年の奮起をうながした。各指導者の共通した主張として、朱燿翰（後の韓国国会議員）の「ルーズベルトよ、答えよ」と題する演説の一部を紹介する。
「正義の仮面をかぶり、搾取と陰謀をほしいままにしている、世界の放火魔、世界第一の偽善君子、アメリカ大統領ルーズベルト君。君は口を開けば必ず正義と人道を唱えるが、パリ講和会議の序文に、人種差別撤廃文面を挿入しようとした時、これに反対、削除したのはどこの国か。黒人と東洋人を差別待遇して、同じ席につかせず、アフリカ大陸で奴隷狩りを、あたかも野獣狩りをするが如くしたのはどこの国の者であったか。しかし君らの悪運は最早尽きた。一億日本同胞なかんずく半島の二千四百万は渾然一体となって大東亜聖戦の勇士とならん事を誓う！」と朝鮮青年に訴えましたが、アパルトヘイトに言及しているのが共通した特色である。

　
Res.39 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/20 14:42:52

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５．日本より少なかった税金

併合直後の１９１１年の予算を見ると、歳入５２００万円の内、日本政府からの補充金１２００万円、公債１０００万円であり、日本政府の援助なしには運営不能な状態であった。この補充金の比率は次第に減少するが、最後まで残った。終戦時日本が朝鮮に残した資産は色々な試算があり、明確ではない。その内連合軍総司令部の調査では民間資金を含め、５２億５０００万ドル（７９０億円）に及ぶ。国家予算の比率で、今日の価値に換算すると８０兆円を超える巨額である。

又個人所得税が朝鮮に導入されたのは、１９３４年であり、この時の税率は内地の半分であり、その後次第に格差は縮まったが、それでも内地より低率であった。又酒税でも内地の税率より低く、決して搾取したとは言えない。
大体植民地は植民地住民は搾取され、宗主国の国民の利益になると考えられているが、矢内原忠雄によると「植民地が本国政府に利益を与えた例は極めて少ない」との事であり、かっては利益を生んだ場所でも民族主義の台頭と共に、むしろ搾取するより、保護する必要に迫られたのである。この事は戦前、石橋湛山も主張していたが、戦後植民地のくびきをとれた事が、戦後発展の一因となった事で立証される。そのことに気づいたアメリカはフィリピンを切り捨て、独立させたのである。

６．労働搾取

マルクス経済学では資本家は労働者から搾取するものと決めつけ、特に植民地労働者は低賃金で、苛酷な労働を強いられたと言うことが常識となっている。本当にそうであろうか。朝鮮の労賃は日本の５０％から７０％の間で変動していた。溝口他『旧日本植民地経済統計』によると、不況時の１９１０年代及び３０年代は５０ー６０％であり、好況時の２０年代、３０年代末以降になると６０ー７０％に上がっている。決して次第に引き下げていない。

しかし日本に比べ低賃金であることより、常に搾取と非難される。その様に考える人は人件費の低減を目的とした、今日の日韓企業の東南アジアへの進出をどの様に考えるのであろうか。誰も搾取に行っていると考える人は居らず、受入側も経済発展のため歓迎している。この事と日本の朝鮮への進出と何処が違うのであろうか。その様に考えると低賃金イコール搾取と考えることは間違いである。　

現在の経営学では最大利益を求めるには、低賃金や苛酷な労働条件の押しつけは決して得策ではない。それは労働者の労働意欲を削ぐからである。そのことは当時の経営者も知っており、一流企業ほど労働者に働く意欲を持たせるよう工夫していた。

　労働者の賃金は生産性によって決められる。私はかってプラント輸出の仕事をしたことがあるが、その時、労賃の安い所は労働生産性も悪く、コストは日本で作るのと大差がないと言うことを聞いた。それでなければ日本の輸出業が勝てるわけがない。当時の調査でも、１９４４年炭坑における一人当たり年間出炭量は朝鮮１００トンに対し、日本は１６０トンであった。ほぼ日当と比例している。

尚ここで特記すべきは高級官僚の俸給である。１９１９年の給与規定で、同一資格者は日本人も朝鮮人も同一俸給と定められた。但し内地人は在勤加俸（僻地手当）がつき、恩給開始年齢が引き下げられた。この在勤加俸は奏任官（軍隊では少尉から大佐）以上では本俸の５０％、判任官（軍隊では下士官）で６０％という高額であった。やはりへんぴな所に優秀な人を呼ぶためには、これだけ高給を払う必要があったと言うことである。この在勤加俸でもって内地人の優遇と批判されるが、内地人が内地で勤務するのと、朝鮮人が朝鮮で勤務するのとは同一待遇だったのである。所が１９４４年奏任官以上、四五年判任官の待遇改善が行われ、内地人と全く同じとなった。即ち朝鮮人も朝鮮で勤務する場合は、内地人が内地で勤務するより手当分だけ高給となったのである。
　　
　
Res.40 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/20 14:43:52

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７．搾取は幻想

　朝鮮等植民地からは搾取したと思っている人は多い。土地の収奪については間違えて報道されている事が多いことを説明した。鉱物、林産物の収奪については、眠っているだけでは何の価値もない。人間に有効に活用されてこそ有益となるのである。特に林産物は再生可能な資源である。

６項でも述べたが、今日低開発国から盛んに企業誘致が為されている。そして低賃金の魅力で多くの企業が進出している。しかし誰も搾取しているとは考えていない。この事と日本統治下の朝鮮進出と何が違うのであろうか。日本企業は朝鮮で得た利益を、朝鮮で再投資し利益を還元したのである。

　又人材の育成についても、これらの企業が戦後無難に操業できる程度には育てていたのである。従って朝鮮動乱の後もこれらの企業は無事生き残っている。

　日本人が大量に進出し、おいしい仕事を独占し、朝鮮人を使用人として使っていたため、誰もが朝鮮人を搾取したと考えているが、以上述べた如く、どの点でも搾取はしていないのである。その証拠に搾取していた筈の日本人が居なくなっても、１９６０年（昭和３５年）迄は、国民所得・労賃とも格差は殆ど縮まらず、それ以降逆に拡大したのである。即ち搾取は幻想であり、実際は知恵と金を出すことにより、経済を上手く運営し、その報酬を得ていたと考えるべきであろう

宇垣総督による産業革命が本格化し、大東亜戦争が勃発するまでの１９３０年代後半は、朝鮮経済が発展し、最も日鮮一体化が進んだ時代である。

　大東亜戦争開戦の２日後の１９４１年１２月１０日三・一独立運動の中心人物であった崔麟は「この日の来るのをどれほど待ちこがれていたことか。……半島の民衆は創氏を行い、喜んで帝国軍人となり、どこから見ても皇国臣民となったのである。これからは全力を尽くして錬磨育成に励み、君国の楯として恥じることのないよう心身を鍛えなければならない」と毎日新報で語っている。
当時はこのように朝鮮でも内地と同様「打倒米英」で燃えさかっており、決して朝鮮は奴隷状態ではなかったのである。

　
Res.41 by 無回答 from バンクーバー　2004/10/21 14:38:28

問題の趣旨が英語であるので歴史は英語で書いたらどうか？特にカナダ生まれが読んで理解するためにはそれしかない、二世でなくとも長年日本を離れていると、日本語は読みにくく、特に長い文章はダメ、時代劇見るのと同じで頭が痛くなるよ。効果ないよ、英語で書いてくれないのなら書き込みやめてくれないか。折角だが、誰も読まないと思う
　
Res.42 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/21 17:04:25

res41
そもそもこういう程度に歴史観も日本語も貧弱な外国かぶれの日本人だから、かような馬鹿げた問題を提起するんだろう。
中国人や､韓国人などは二世であろうが､三世であろうが母国語を失わない。ケベックのフランス系など最たるもの。
そもそもここは日本人のための掲示板だ。日本語や自国の地理･歴史も満足にわからんような落ちこぼれ日本人などの戯言など誰が相手にできるか。日本の小学校へ留学でもしろ。
教養のある日本人ならばどこに住もうと完璧な日本語を話すどころか読み書きをする。塩野七生や落合信彦など海外在住で完璧な日本語を執筆しまくっている日本人はたくさんいる。

日本語がわからんのは海外在住云々の問題ではない。ようするにもともとこいつは国語も歴史も教養も無かっただけの話。 　
Res.43 by 無回答 from バンクーバー　2004/10/21 19:21:12

↓は経験無いから解らんだろうが、日本語を使ってないと忘れるんだよ。体験して無い者には到底解せないだろう、しかしこれは本当なんだよ。日本とカナダの両方で大学出て、それで長く住むとどうしても日本語がダメになるんだよ（まあ、人によるかもしれないが）日本語をまもってる人達は英語を駆使しない人が多いよ（皆ではないが）テレビ、新聞、雑誌全て日本ものばかり見てるよ、事実だよ。日本語についていくためにこの掲示板を覗いたりするんだよ、しかし最近の日本語は？？？
教養は↓よりあるのは確かだから、知らない事に知ったかぶるするんではないよ、そりゃ例外はあるだろう、しかし誰か知らんが、その御仁は英語（その地の言語）出来なかったのだと思うよ。だから日本語に執着出来たんだよ。
日本の歴史は全く退屈だった、従って何も学んでいないが、今頃、日本の歴史は嘘八百だと知ったとき、なるほど、だから興味なくてよかったと思ったよ。興味の取捨選択は自由、しかし趣旨を外れた回答はポイントレスだよ。だれもあんたの回答にレスしないのが何よりの証拠だよ。やっつけたつもりだろうが、あいにくだな
だから英語で書けよ、書けるんだろう？まさか書けない？ 　
Res.44 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 03:52:42

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昭和20（1945）年、敗戦国となった日本は7年間の占領期間を経た後の昭和26年に、サンフランシスコ条約を結んで連合55国ヶ国中48ヶ国と講和をしました。この条約とそれに続く個別の国との協定で、戦争で日本が与えた損害に対して賠償を行なうことを約束し、ここから戦後処理が始まったのです。

例えばフィリピンには賠償約1980億円、借款約900億円、インドネシアには賠償約803億円、借款約1440億円を支払っています。この他、別表にあるように、賠償、補償の総額は約3565億5千万円、借款約2687億8千万円で併せて6253億円にのぼります。これ以外にも事実上の賠償として、当時日本が海外に保有していた財産はすべて没収されました。

それは日本政府が海外にもっていた預金のほか鉄道、工場、建築物、はては国民個人の預金、住宅までを含み、当時の計算で約1兆1千億円に達しています。

現在の経済大国、日本ではなく、戦後のまだ貧しい時代に、時には国家予算の3割近くの賠償金を約束し、きちんと実行してきていたのです。ちなみに昭和30年のスチュワーデスの初任給は7000円でした。

　
Res.45 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 03:53:19

さて最近、韓国から個々人に補償を要求する動きが新聞やテレビで報じられていますが、これについても一言ふれておきましょう。

昭和40（1965）年、日本と韓国は日韓基本条約を結び、日本は無償で3億ドル（約1080億円）、有償で2億ドル（約720億円）、民間借款で3億ドルを支払いました。そこで、日本が韓国内に持っていた財産を放棄することも含めて「両国民の間の請求権に関する問題が 完全かつ最終的に解決された」としたのです。民間借款を除いた5億ドルだけでも、当時の韓国の国家予算の1.45倍にあたる膨大な金額です。韓国はこのお金の一部を「軍人・軍属・労務者として召集・徴集された」者で死亡したものの遺族への補償に使いましたが、大部分を道路やダム・工場の建設など国づくりに投資し「漢江の奇跡」と呼ばれる経済成長を遂げました。韓国は日本から得たお金を個人補償として人々に分配することよりも、全国民が豊かになることを選び、それが成功したのです。そして韓国のとったこの行動は韓国自身が決めたことですから、出した日本がその使い道にあれこれ言うことはできません。

ですから現在、日本政府に個人補償を訴える韓国人はこうした事実を知らなければなりませんし、私たち日本人も貧しかった中で、一生懸命働いて賠償要求に応じてきたという事実を知っておかなければなりません。こういうたった30年ほど前の努力を知らない若い世代ほど、“日本は金持ちになったのだから出し渋らず払えばイイ”などと無責任な発言をするのです。一方、30〜40年前に膨大な償いを課せられた60歳以上の人々は、これに反対するのは当然のことなのです。

歴史を知るのは大事なことですね。
そして知らないことはコワいことですね。

　
Res.46 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 03:54:28

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/faq/index.html

●もっと詳しく知りたい人には


岡田邦宏著　『「戦後補償論」はまちがっている』
日本政策研究センター刊（500円）

をお勧めします。


これまでの賠償実績 国　名 賠　償　額 当時の政府予算
ビルマ
(ミャンマー) 賠償720億円(1955〜65)
借款180億円(1955)
無償援助504億円(1963)
借款108億円(同上)
1兆182億円(1955)

3兆442億円(1963)
フィリピン 賠償約1980億円(1956〜76)
借款900億円(1956) 1兆692億円(1956)
インドネシア 賠償803億円(1958〜70)
※賠償は日本の対インドネシア債権637億円を棒引き
借款1440億円 1兆3315億円(1958)
ベトナム 賠償140億4000万円(1959〜64)
借款59億7600万円 1兆4950億円(1959)
1兆7431億円(1960)
カンボジア 15億円供与(1959) 　
ラオス 10億円供与(1958) 　
マレーシア 約29億4000万円無償供与(1967) 5兆1130億円(1967)
シンガポール
モンゴル 50億円無償資金援助(1977) 29兆598億円(1977)
スイス 補償約11億円(1955) 　
スペイン 補償約20億円(1957) 1兆1867億円(1957)
スウェーデン 補償約5億円(1958) 　
デンマーク 補償約3億円(1955)
補償約4億2300万円(1959) 　
オランダ 補償約36億円(1956〜60) 　
韓　国 1080億円無償協力(1965)
720億円有償協力(同上)
1080億円以上の民間借款(同上) 3兆7230億円(1965)
ミクロネシア 18億円拠出(1950) 6332億円(1950)
　
Res.47 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 03:57:13

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「植民地朝鮮」について


　　 理事　杉本幹夫


私が著作した本の題名を「植民地朝鮮の研究」とした事について、多くの人から「日本は朝鮮を併合したのであり、植民地にしたのではない」とお叱りを受けている。中には「合邦したのだ」と言われる方もおられるが、合邦とは対等合併のイメージである。一方併合は吸収合併のイメージである。これはやはり併合と言うのが正しいと思う。

「植民地にしたのではない」と言われる人のイメージの中には「植民地とは搾取される所」というイメージがあるように思われる。しかし私はどの程度の経済格差を以て搾取というのか、或いは人権上の問題なのか、搾取の定義が分からない。従って植民地と併合は対立した概念だと言うことが分からないのである。

　欧米の植民地搾取は酷かったと言われる。しかし武力だけで、多数の人民を統治できるだろうか。本国人の比率は、シンガポールを含むマレーシアで０．４％、フィリピンでは０．１％に過ぎない。

フィリピンは一五二一年にマゼランにより発見され、一五六五年レガスビ探検隊がセブ島に最初の植民地を設置することに成功した。一九七一年にマニラに移ったときのスペイン兵は僅か四〇〇人に過ぎない。その五年後にはフィリピン全土をほぼ支配下に置いたと言われる。

ジャワ島の人口が急激に増えたのは一九世紀である。この時期悪名高い強制栽培制度が実施された。コーヒー・砂糖・藍等を強制栽培させると共に、買い入れ価格を一方的に決め、ヨーロッパとの価格差で大儲けをした。一八四三年から四八年に及ぶ中部ジャワの飢饉と相まち、搾取の厳しさを非難される所以である。

しかしこの飢饉にも関わらず、農業技術の向上、公衆衛生の進歩により人口が急増した事実をどの様に評価するか。原住民との所得格差は危険と不便を克服して、新天地を開発した人間に対する当然の報酬である。今日東南アジアやアフリカに進出する企業のサラリーマンと現地人の所得格差を非難する人はいない。

　広辞苑によれば、植民地とは「ある国の海外移住者によって、新たに経済的に開発された地域。帝国主義国にとって原料供給地・商品市場・資本輸出地をなし、政治上も主権を奪われ完全な属領」とある。又金完燮は拙著「植民地朝鮮の研究」韓国語訳の推薦文で植民地とは「荒涼とした土地に国民達が移植し、開発した新しい領土」としている。本来の意味には搾取された土地という意味は無いのである。　「植民地は搾取されるもの、宗主国は搾取するもの」と言う論理は、「資本家は労働者の敵」と同じく共産主義者の論理なのである。

私は「朝鮮は併合した領土であり、参政権等法的な権利はまだ内地と同じレベルに達していなかったので、植民地であった。」と考えている。
　
Res.48 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 03:59:02

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
創氏改名の真相
第５回　自由主義史観研究会セミナー


　　 理事　杉本幹夫


宮田節子氏の「創氏改名」論への反論

　東大の今年の五月祭で、自民党の前政務会長の麻生太郎さんが、「当時の朝鮮の人達は、日本のパスポートをもらうと、金とか朴という名前が書いてあった。それを見た満州の人達は『朝鮮人だ』といって仕事をしにくかった。だから、朝鮮の人たちが『名字をくれ』といったのが『創氏改名』の始まりだ」とコメントしました。このコメントがマスコミの問題になりました。この言葉を毎日新聞や朝日新聞が問題として取り上げ、だいぶガタガタしました。

　雑誌『正論』の八月号に「『創氏改名』の真相」という題で、元朝鮮総督府の高級官僚であった坪井さんと大師堂さん、そして私（杉本）の座談会が載っています。その座談会の前に、私は改めてこの「創氏改名」について調べ直してみました。
　その後、宮田節子さんの講演を聴く機会がありました。宮田さんという方は、早稲田大学、日本女子大学の元教授です。インターネットで都立図書館の「創氏改名」について検索しますと、宮田節子さんの「創氏改名」と言う題の本が真っ先に出てきます。それから関西大学の非常勤講師・金英達さんの本が何点か出てきます。

　宮田節子さんの本にしても、金英達さん、梁泰昊さん、この三人の共著でありまして、この枠組みからほとんど出ていません。その枠組みのなかで金英達さんが議論を深めたという印象をもっています。 この金英達さんはもう故人となりましたので、今は宮田さんがこの問題に関する権威のなかの権威となりました。その宮田節子さんの論への反論というかたちで、きょうはお話をしたいと考えます。

　台湾の「改姓名」と朝鮮の「創氏改名」は無関係か

最大の問題点は、皇紀二千六百年の紀元節の日に、台湾では改姓名、朝鮮では創氏改名、この二つの制令が同時に施行されましたが、内容的にはかなり違うものですから宮田節子さんは、「この二つの制令はまったく無関係なものである」と主張していると言うことです。

しかし、めでたい紀元節の日に、台湾では改姓名、朝鮮では創氏改名の制令が出されてこれが無関係であるとは常識的には考えられません。

　また、宮田節子さんは、朝鮮総督というのは日本の総理大臣と同格であり制令を独断で施行することができると言っています。しかし、「朝鮮に制令を施行すべき法令に関する件」という法令がありまして、その第一条に「朝鮮において法律を要する事項は、朝鮮総督の命令を以て規定することを得」とあります。要するに朝鮮総督府の命令で、日本の民法にあたる制令を出せると書いてあります。

　しかし、同時に「前項の制令は、内閣総理大臣を経て勅裁を請うべし」ということになっていますから、内閣の同意も得なければならない。つまり、そこで調整を要するわけです。

　宮田節子さんの本の中で共著者の一人である梁泰昊さんは、「当初の予定では一月一日から施行するはずであったが、皇紀二千六百年の紀元節にわざわざずらして、同じ日に台湾で改姓名制度が施行された」と書いています。

　ということは、朝鮮総督府から「創氏改名」についての案が内閣に出され、台湾総督府といろいろ調整して二月十一日に延ばして施行されたのに違いだろうと私は思っています。

二つの制令の共通点は何か。即ち内閣の方針としては、「紀元二千六百年を祝って、日本式の姓名に変えていい」というただその一点であったと思います。 この内閣の方針を受けてとった台湾総督府の対応と朝鮮総督府の対応は、まったく違ったものでした。その点では、宮田さんが「二つの制令はまったく無関係」だと言ったくらいに違います。

台湾総督府では、許可制をとりました。そして、日本語を常用している家庭、家に神棚を置いている家庭つまり神道を崇拝している家庭、それから家庭清白つまり犯罪者のいない家庭、この三条件を満たす家庭でなければ許可されませんでした。
その結果、許可された者は一・六パーセントといわれています。これは、宮田さんと私も同意見ですが、当時は支那事変の真っ最中です。台湾人は支那人と民族的に近いですから、名前を変えてしまうと、台湾人か日本人かの区別がつかなくなる事が困るのです。

一方、朝鮮の場合、南総督が公布にあたって「古来心を整える第一は形を整えることにある」と演説しています。
また、南総督は、日本の家族制度の良さを主張しています。家族単位の氏をつくって日本式の姓名にすることが皇民化の第一歩であると説明しました。できるだけ日本式の姓名に改めよといいました。
　確かに礼儀作法を教えるにあたっても、衣服をきちんと整える事が第一歩です。日本式の姓名にする事により、日本人になったという気がする事もあるかと思います。　しかし、日本式の姓名に変えたからといって直ちに心が日本人になるというものでもありません。

《「創氏改名」は徴兵制の第一歩》か

宮田節子さんがいちばん主張しているのは、「創氏改名」の目的について、内務省の機密文書のなかに、「徴兵制度実施せられたる今日、皇軍として些かの差別なく渾然一体となりて軍務に精励しつつあり。もし現在軍隊中に金某、李某等混じりたりと思いを致せば、その弊害また明らかなるものあり」という文書を見つけだしました。そして、だから「創氏改名」は徴兵制の第一歩だと主張します。将来、徴兵制を朝鮮に入れることを目指したもの、それが「創氏改名」であったと。

ところが、既に支那事変は始まっているのです。そして、金錫源という少佐が日本軍を率いて大活躍をしています。金少佐を称える歌がラジオで流されていました。
　志願兵制度も既に始まっていました。この制度は、前々年の昭和十三年につくられました。前年の昭和一四年には志願兵六百人の採用に対して一万二千人の応募がありました。だから金さんや李さんは、当時からずいぶん軍隊にいたわけです。後に中将にまでなる洪思翊も、現役で活躍していました。朝鮮系の名前の軍人がいたところで、何の支障もなかったのです。むしろ、日本式の名前に変えていて反日思想をもっている人のほうが、よほど困るわけです。名前を変えたからといって急に心が変わるわけではありませんから。
　こういうわけで、宮田節子さんが主張する《「創氏改名」は徴兵制の第一歩》という主張は考えすぎであると私は思います。

　朝鮮総督府の三橋警務局長も日本人か朝鮮人か分からなくなるといって「創氏改名」には大反対でした。南総督から、「創氏改名」は強制するな、警察も協力しなくて良いという言質をとっています。このことは宮田さんも認めています。要するに、「創氏改名」は強制するなというトップの方針が下に降りていたのです。

　「姓」を守るために「氏」が創られた朝鮮

台湾との関係でもうひとつ見逃せないのは、台湾では改姓名であり、朝鮮では創氏改名であったということです。台湾も朝鮮も夫婦別姓です。日本のような家族単位の姓ではありません。違うのは、朝鮮では同姓の男女は結婚が認められていないということです。この時の朝鮮民事令の改正を詳細にみてみますと二つ制令があるのです。つまり、制令十九号では創氏に関することが決めてあり、二十号では改氏名に関することが決めてあるのです。

　ここで注目すべきことは、改名ではなく改氏名である点です。さらに、制令十九号では「氏は自分の好きなように決めてよい」、「六か月以内に届ける」となっています。そして、六か月以内に届け出をしなかった者は、現在の戸主の姓を自分の氏にするとなっていました。二十号では、「氏または名前を変えたい者は許可申請を出すように」とありました。結局は、台湾の改姓令と同じなのです。台湾の改姓令も「姓または名前を変えたい者は許可申請を出すように」となっているのですから。

朝鮮では、姓の外に全員が氏というものを新しく決めなければならなかったのです。姓を廃止するという条項は何処にもありません。
ですから、朝鮮人の場合は、姓を変えたのではなく姓名と氏名の両方をもたなければならなくなったということです。それはなぜだったのでしょう。

朝鮮における姓とは、男子系の血族集団です。だから結婚しても姓は変わらない。又、同じ金姓でも、祖先の発祥地によって〇〇金とか、××金とか……本または本貫というのが今一つあり、同本（本貫）、同姓という人をもって一つの血族集団をつくっています。この一族の系図を族譜と言い、大切にされたといわれています。

　この姓というのは、「姓は変わらず」、「同姓娶らず」、「異姓養わず」という三大原則によってずっと引き継がれてきました。「同姓娶らず」というのは、同本、同姓の男女の結婚禁止という原則です。これは近親結婚の禁止ともみられますが、母系ではそんこなことはありませんから、これは単なる迷信かとも思われます。例えば、可愛い女の子がいても、同じ金さん同士だったら、「あなたの本貫はどこか」と確かめておかなければ、うっかり付き合えません。

この制度を維持するためには、「姓は変わらず」でなければなりません。姓を簡単に変更出来たのでは「同姓娶らず」は意味がなくなります。ということは、日本式の姓に変えるということとまったく矛盾しているわけです。要するに、同姓娶らずということと日本式の姓に変えるということは、両立しないことなのです。そこで発明されたのが、姓のほかに氏を創るということでした。姓を捨てさせられたのではなく、姓を残すために氏を創ったのです。

日本式の氏は「夫婦同氏」です。ややこしいのは、結婚せずに生まれた子供の場合です。いわゆる私生児の氏はどのように決めるか、姓はどのように決めるかということも法的にはっきりさせておかねばなりません。氏という制度と姓という制度、氏名と姓名と二つがある。この二つをどう使い分けるかを決めておかねばなりません。公式には氏名を使う。非公式だと、今まで使われていた通称で何ら差し支えないわけです。日本の国内法の延長という趣旨からしても、氏名のほうは公式に使う。姓名のほうは、結婚のときのチェックのために戸籍の上には残しておく。正式には氏名を使い、姓名のほうはタンスの中に入れられてしまったということで、「姓を奪われた」と朝鮮人はいいます。しかし、そうではありません。姓という制度を守るために氏という制度が作られたのです。

台湾では、「同姓娶らず」というルールはありません。そのために、改姓で何ら問題はないわけです。台湾姓の人は夫婦別姓であり、日本式に改姓した人は夫婦同姓でなんら支障ありません。北朝鮮は共産化が確立して金日成が完全に掌握したとき、「同姓娶らず」は廃止されています。韓国では一九九七年に「同姓娶らず」はようやく廃止されました。日本もこの時の民事令の改正で、「同姓娶らず」を廃止してしまえば、この「創氏」という訳の分からぬ制度を発明する必要もなく、改姓令で十分だったでしょう。 いま多くの教科書で「日本人は朝鮮人の大切にしている姓を奪った」と書いていますが、姓を奪ったことは一度もないのです。むしろ「同姓娶らず」という朝鮮人のしきたりを守るために、氏という無理な制度をつくらなければならなかったのです。

　朝鮮の制度に、もう一つ「異姓養わず」というものがあります。これは、「養子は同本同姓の男子に限られる」ということです。ところが「同姓娶らず」というルールがありますから、女の子しか家にいない場合は、養子に来た者と結婚させるわけにはいきません。ですから、自分の娘を嫁に出して、「両貰い」つまり、親戚から養子を入れ養子の嫁さんも何処かから入れるということになります。これはいかにも不合理であるので、日本統治下でおこなわれた朝鮮民事令の改正で、「異姓養わず」というルールは廃止されました。このルールは戦後も廃止されたままです。

「創氏改名」を煽ったのは誰か

　南総督が皇民化の第一歩として意気込んで始めた「創氏改名」でしたが、創氏届の提出者が三か月後にわずか七・六パーセントに過ぎませんでした。そこで当時の法務局長あたりが主張して、まず改名の手数料を一人五十銭から一家族五十銭に下げました。当時は一家庭の家族は五人くらいはいましたから、この値下げ効果は大きいものでした。更に六月六日には、各種事務手続きを簡素化しました。

　法務局は創氏届けの実績を刻々発表し、地方官僚の競争心を煽りました。その結果、六か月後の届け出の数は八十パーセントになりましたから、そこに何らかの強制があったであろうことは否定できないと思います。

宮田節子さんによれば、この強制力の最たるものは国民精神総動員朝鮮連盟の活用だったとのことです。この国民精神総動員朝鮮連盟は、十戸を一つの班とし地域での連帯感を強くし、職場では職場単位で愛国班をつくり、学校ではクラス単位で愛国班をつくり、国民精神の高揚にあたったといわれています。皇国精神の顕揚、内鮮一体の完成、生活の革新、戦時経済生活への協力、そういったことがいろいろ教えこまれていっています。日常茶飯に実践することとして、毎朝宮城遥拝をする、神社参拝をする、機会あるごとに皇国臣民の誓詞を朗唱させる、国旗を掲揚させる、こういったことを折りにふれやらせています。

　宮田節子さんは、ある部落の場合、毎朝六時に集合して宮城を遥拝し、皇国臣民の誓詞を朗唱してから、その日の仕事をはじめたという例を紹介しています。それから、毎月の一日（ついたち）は興亜奉公日になっていましたが、行事のあと墓参し、男子は奇数日、女子は偶数日に夜学会に集まりました。皇国臣民の誓詞には、児童用と一般用があったといわれていますが、児童用には、こうありました。

一、わたしどもは大日本帝国の臣民です。
一、わたしどもは心を合わせて天皇陛下に忠義を尽くします。
一、わたしどもは忍苦鍛練して立派な強い国民になります。
こういうものを毎朝斉唱して、日本国民としての意識を確立していきました。

　あと一つ、この国民精神総動員朝鮮連盟が対象としていたものは、子供でした。子供を通じての圧力でした。

　教員の系統のトップである学務局長の塩原時三郎が創氏改名の発案者であるといわれています。こういうことから、学校の先生を通じての「創氏改名」の推奨が激しかったといわれています。しかし、先生には「創氏改名」を強制権はありません。ただ、先生が強制しなくとも、子供同士の圧力、「お前はどうして改名しないんだ」という圧力があっただろうということは否定できません。そういうことが、一つの大きな圧力になったと私も思います。

　しかし、それがどの程度国家権力によって強制されたかということになると又別です。国家権力には三つのルートが考えられます。一つは地方官公署のルート、一つは警察のルート、いま一つは学校のルートです。学校のルートについては強制力はありません。それから、警察官は動きませんでした。残るは地方官僚ということになります。地方官僚のトップとして、日本の県知事にあたる道知事が朝鮮には十三人いました。そのうち朝鮮人の道知事は五人です。そのうちの二人、すなわち孫永穆が全羅北道の知事、兪萬兼が忠清北道の知事として、朝鮮名のままです。終戦時にも、三人の朝鮮名の方がおります。孫永穆が全羅北道から江原道の知事に移り、金大羽という人が慶尚北道の知事、 鄭僑源という人が忠清北道の知事をしています。

　道知事自身が「創氏改名」をしていなくて部下に強制することは不可能です。ですから、行政としての力はそんなに強くなかったと思います。先般の『新しい歴史教科書』採択のときにも示された反日の合唱、親日的なことを言うと押し潰してしまう、そういう朝鮮人の民族性、マインド・コントロールされやすい民族性なのかなあと思います。

「創氏改名」を積極的に進めようとした朝鮮人

このムードづくりに大きく貢献したのが、著名な作家の李光洙と親日派ジャーナリズムの活躍です。李光洙は、三・一独立運動に先立つ二・八独立宣言文の起草者です。李は三・一独立運動の後、懲役二年半の有罪判決を受けています。李は釈放後、非常に親日的になりました。彼は『創氏と私』のなかに「内地人との差別が無くなること以外に朝鮮人は何を望むだろうか。従って差別除去のために、あらゆる努力を注ぐことが、最も重大にして緊急なこととなる。我々の在来の姓名は、支那を崇拝していた祖先の遺物である。今我々は日本帝国民である。支那人と混同される姓名を持つよりも、日本人と混同される氏名を持つのが、もっとも自然である」と書いています。そして、彼は「参政権・義務教育等日本人と同じ権利を獲得するには、兵役、徴用、納税等日本人と同一の義務を果たすとともに、創氏改名、神社への参拝等、日本人と同化している実績を示すことが必要である」と主張し、自分の氏名を香山光郎と改めています。
　また、同じく三・一独立運動のリーダーの一人だった崔鱗は、松村紘一と改めています。

　日本人自身は、朝鮮人が日本人と同じ名前になることには拒否感があり、反対しました。古谷英一という人は、「日本の姓氏を紊乱し国体の原理を破壊する」として、国会に創氏改名反対の請願書を出しています。また、元小野田セメント社長の安藤豊禄さんは、「いわば安藤をフランクリンにするようなことだから、自然に運ぶ筈がない」と言っています。この安藤豊禄さんは南総督の同郷の後輩で、直接南総督に進言したが聞いてもらえなかったといっています。

　また、当時十五歳で朝鮮に住んでいた川上進氏は、「南総督は南（なん）だから、先祖はもともと向こうの人なのだろう。だから、あんなことを言うのではないか」と話しているのを聞いたと言っています。また、「朝鮮姓を堂々と名乗る朝鮮人こそ真に頼もしい朝鮮人だ」と言う人もいました。 最後にいえることは、本来姓名と氏名は同じことなのです。これを無理やり定義を分けて、これを朝鮮人に姓名と氏名という二つの名前を持たせた。そのために非常に誤解を生んでいるのです。やっぱり「姓名と氏名が違う」といわれても、ピンとこないですね。ですから、多くの教科書で「朝鮮人が大切にしている姓を奪われた」と書いてありますけれど、こんな事実はまったく無いのです。

　宇垣総督の顧問格だった鎌田沢一郎という人が、『朝鮮新話』に「薛鎮永という人は、創氏を拒否して抗議の自殺をした」と書きまして、これを作家の梶山季之が『族譜』という小説にしています。そこでは日本があたかも「族譜」を抹殺したかのように描かれています。これは映画やテレビでも取り上げられて非常に有名な話になっています。結局、姓名と氏名についての全くの無知からスタートしている悲劇なのです。そういう意味を糺さずして世間に広がり、誤解を増幅したのは残念なことです。

　最後に、一つ補足しておきます。朝鮮の姓は三百二十余りしかありません。そこで改名をするときは、一族の長老たちが集まり、我々の一族はどんな姓にするか相談をして決めてかなり創氏改名が進みました。三百二十いくつということは、当時の朝鮮の人口が二千五百万人ですから、一つの族が名前を変えると、何万という人の名前がごっそり同じ名前に変わることになります。　同姓同名がひじょうに多いということが、朝鮮総督府が創氏改名をすすめた理由であるといわれています。ですから、一族が一斉に改名することにより、改名率が一挙に上がるわけです。これが急激に八十パーセント台まで上がった理由の一つです。

　
Res.49 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:00:12

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
歴史の歪曲ー朝鮮人強制連行の定義


理事　杉本幹夫

　最近金英達著作集『朝鮮人強制連行の研究』を読んだ。この中で彼は「自由主義史観のグループがいずれ朝鮮人強制連行の問題を取り上げてくるだろう。その時は強制連行という言葉が攻撃の的になるのではないでしょうか」と言っている。まさにその通りである。

　彼によれば、「朝鮮人強制連行という言葉は、おおよそ次のような最大公約数的な意味で用いられている。中国侵略戦争及び太平洋戦争の時期、日本の戦時体制下において、内地及び外地の労働力不足を補うため、朝鮮人を一般労働者や軍要員として、集団的に朝鮮から内地・樺太・南洋諸島へ強制的に移住させ、強制的に労働させたこと」 しかし彼は「それでは余りにも曖昧すぎる。強制連行という言葉を使う人はそれぞれ前もって明確な定義をする必要があるだろう」と言っている。

それに対し、『日本植民地研究第一五号』で古庄正は次のように言っている。

　１．朝鮮人強制連行という用語を最初に使ったのは朴慶植である。彼のいう朝鮮人強制連行とは身体的拘束によるものを意味したが、朝鮮植民地支配を暴く象徴的な用語として広くマスコミや日用語として使われ、各種歴史事典にも取り上げられた。

　２．海野福寿は「もし拉致・暴力的強制にのみ、強制の意味を認めるとすれば、拉致・連行を伴わなかった労働力徴発は強制連行とは言えないという誤りを犯すことになる」とし、「強制連行の強制性を規定するものは、連行の暴力的強制力にあるのではなく、法的強制力にある」と主張している。

　３．山田昭次は暴力的連行や法的強制力以外にも、(a)経済的窮迫や向学心、(b)日本に行けという警官や面役人の圧力、(c)進路の幅が労務動員か軍属・兵士の軍事動員に狭められた結果としての応募、(d)皇民化教育による精神的拘束によるものまでが、強制連行としている。 一九九八年の在日朝鮮人運動史研究会にて山田昭次が上記論文を発表した時、朴慶植は「身体の拘束による連行だけが強制連行ではないんですね」と語った。

金英達は徴用・徴兵について、朝鮮人に対する徴用・徴兵は歴史的道義性を持たないものであり、日本人に対する強制性と質的に異なるとして、朝鮮人に対する徴用・徴兵は強制連行であるとしている。彼は韓国併合そのものが違法であるとの主張より、この論理を組み立てている。しかしこの韓国併合無効論は二〇〇一年ハーバード大学で開かれた国際学術会議で否認されている。

海野福寿は韓国併合有効論にたっている。しかし朝鮮人は法に従う必要がないとでも言っているのであろうか。法による強制が問題だというなら、日本人の青年は戦場に強制連行され、朝鮮の青年はその穴埋めに炭坑や軍需工場に強制連行されたと言うのであろうか。

山田昭次の意見に至っては、自由に希望して来日した人も強制連行されたことになる。今中国から日本に不法入国してくる中国人は、中国政府により、日本に強制連行されたのであろうか。このように屁理屈をつけ、一つの言葉を歴史的用語として、全く別の意味に使うことを歴史の歪曲・捏造というのである。

　その結果自民党の野中元幹事長などが「日本は北朝鮮に何十人か拉致されたに過ぎない。それに対し日本は朝鮮から七〇万人も強制連行した」と言っている。 更に九月二六日の朝刊によれば、国連で北朝鮮は「朝鮮半島占領時代、日本は八四〇万人を強制連行した、たった数人の拉致被害者の死をどうして比べられようか」と日本を非難したと伝えている。 更にこの北朝鮮の発言について、日本の国連大使は何ら反論しなかったとのことである。国際会議で反論しないと言うことは、認めたことになる。

強制連行の定義が不明確のため、拉致と徴用を同一視したり、希望して日本や世界各地に渡った人も強制連行されたとする、とんでもない意見が出てくるのである。マスコミは強制連行の定義についてどのように考えているのか、明らかにする必要がある。単に歴史学界のみに任せていて良い問題ではない。

　
Res.50 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:01:32

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
鄭大均著『在日・強制連行の神話』

　鄭大均氏の新著は、「朝鮮人強制連行」という言葉がどのようにして生まれ、この言葉が喚起するイメージがどのようにして定着していったかを精査したものである。

　この本で最も説得力をもって教えられたのは、在日コリアンの世代論的分析である。鄭氏は、「一・五世」という概念を援用する。在日一世は、みずから故郷を離れて日本に移住してきた人々で、二つの文化や社会を知っている世代である。それに対し、「一・五世」とは、一世の親たちとともに幼少期に海を渡って来た人々のことで、彼らは日本の社会しか知らない。実は、「在日＝強制連行の犠牲者」という自己イメージをつくり出す担い手となった世代は、一世ではなく、一世の世代を代弁するかのように語るようになった「一・五世」の世代だというのである。一九二九年、七歳の時に渡日し、のちに『朝鮮人強制連行の記録』（一九六五年、未来社）を書いた朴慶植がまさにこの世代である。

　一世が教育に恵まれなかったのに対し、「一・五世」は日本で教育を受ける機会に恵まれたから、彼らの中から親たちの物語を記す人間が出てきたのは自然の成り行きだったが、問題はこの「一・五世」が記した強制連行論を一世の多くは読むことができなかったことである。そうした事情もあって、強制連行論は野放しにされたのだ。著者は、在日一世のナマの証言を集めた資料から大量の引用をしてみせることによって、「在日＝強制連行の犠牲者」というイメージが根拠のないものであることを説得的に論証している。

　また、強制連行論は、在日一世→一・五世以後の在日社会→日本人→外国人、という具合に、当事者性が同心円的に希薄になるにつれて、その言説が単純化・直截化される傾向にあるという分析もうなずける。

　近く、この春入試センター試験を受けた大学一年生のグループが大学入試センターを相手取って民事裁判を起こすことが計画されている。本書は、裁判官などの関係者の蒙を開く有力な援軍である。

この二冊の本は、ことがらの歴史的文脈や背景を描き出すことによって問題の真相と奥行きを知らせる好著であり、一読を勧めたい。
　
Res.51 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:03:02

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
創 氏 改 名 (1)
創氏の必然性


　　 理事　杉本幹夫


東大５月祭における自民党麻生政調会長の発言が大変な波紋を呼んでいる。そこで問題となった創氏改名について二回に分け考えてみる。　

今回は何故創氏と言う分かり難い制度を作ったかについて、考えてみる。一般に日本は朝鮮人の大切にしていた「姓」・族譜を奪ったと思われている。しかしこの制度を子細に調べると、逆に族譜を守るために、「氏」というややこしい制度を作らざるを得なかった事が分かる。その点梶山季之の『族譜』は全く誤解から始まっており、日韓両国民に大変間違ったイメージを与えた。　

当時の朝鮮民事令では、朝鮮の風習である、「姓は変わらず、同姓は娶らず、異姓養わず」の三原則を守っていた。 　それに対し次のような要求が出てきた。まず「姓は変わらず」に対し、麻生氏が主張するように、満州や内地に進出した朝鮮人の中に日本式の名字にしたいという希望が多かった。これは就職、下宿の問題を考えると当然の要求であり、特に満州・支那に進出した朝鮮人に強かった。又姓の数が三二六しかなく、従って同姓同名が多いという問題があった。　

「同姓は娶らず」とは同姓且つ同一本貫の男女の結婚禁止である。本貫とはその一族の祖先の出身地であり、戸籍に明記してある。この条項は若い男女には不満であったが、朝鮮の家族制度の根幹であり、問題の一九四〇年の朝鮮民事令改正（創氏改名）でも残された。　「異姓養わず」とは養子は同姓の者に限られると言う事である。この事は女の子だけの家では大変な問題であった。自分の娘に家を継がせる事が出来ないのである。即ち「同姓は娶らず」の規定により、娘は同姓の男と結婚できない。しかも同姓の男しか養子に出来ないのである。従って娘を嫁に出し、親戚から養子を貰わなければならないのである。　

一九四〇年の朝鮮民事令の改正では「異姓養わず」は削除されたが、「同姓は娶らず」は残った。因みに戦後韓国では「異姓養わず」は削除されたままであり、北朝鮮では「同姓は娶らず」も廃止された。この事は創氏改名が悪いことばかりではなかった何よりの証拠である。この改正で「同姓は娶らず」を残したことが、此の制令を分かり難くし、色々の誤解を生む最大の原因となった。即ち「同姓は娶らず」を維持するためには、「姓は変わらず」でなければならない。姓が変わっても良ければ同姓の人を好きになった時、改姓すれば結婚できることになる。これでは何のための「同姓は娶らず」か分からない。

即ち日本式の名字に変更することを許し、且つ「同姓は娶らず」を維持するためには、新たに「氏」と言う制度を作り、「姓」と「氏」を分離する必要があったのである。即ち「創氏」である。「創氏」をしなければならない最大の理由は、麻生氏が主張するように「日本人と同じような名字にしたい」と言うことであった。　

因みに同じ皇紀二六〇〇年の紀元節台湾で施行されたのは「改姓名」であった。台湾では夫婦別姓であったが、「同姓娶らず」の習慣がないので、日本式の名字に改姓した人は夫婦同姓で、台湾式の名字のままの人は夫婦別姓で何ら差し支えなかったのである。　この事が分かると何故法定創氏が必要であったか、六ヶ月という期間が何故定められたかが分かる。

即ち 「同姓は娶らず」を維持するためには「姓」と「氏」の二つの制度が論理的に必要であり、どちらかが主でどちらかが従でなければならない。その為に「氏」を創設させたのが法定創氏であり、制度の切り替えが六ヶ月後であった。尚姓及び本貫は戸籍に残った。「姓」を主とし、「氏」を従とすることは朝鮮人には日本式の名字を名乗る事を認めるが、それはあくまで通称としてとなり、差別と非難される。帝国民法上の差別を少なくする意味より、「氏」が主となり、「姓」が従となるのは当然である。　

宮田節子氏、金英達氏はこの制令の目的は、皇民化ひいては徴兵制であったと主張している。その論拠としては、内務省極秘文書に「もし現在軍隊中に金某、李某等混じりたりとせばに思いを致せば、その利弊又自ずと明らかなり」との文書が見つかったことをあげている。しかし当時は金錫源少佐が北支戦線で大活躍した後であり、後に中将まで栄進した洪思翊が現役で活躍している。朝鮮名の兵士の存在は何ら支障がないと思われる。更にこの前年の一九三九年の志願兵に対する応募率は二〇倍であり、一九四〇年には定員を五倍にしたにも関わらず、二八倍の応募率となっている。宮田氏の考えは、一寸勘ぐりすぎではないだろうか。名前が変わったくらいで心が変わるものではない。
　
Res.52 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:04:08

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
「６００万人の強制連行、
２０万人の従軍慰安婦」という大ウソ

会員　水本茂


金正日が拉致の事実を認め謝罪したことを北朝鮮の人々は知らされていない。共同宣言にこの肝心なことを入れさせなかった小泉首相の大失態のせいである。それどころではない。北朝鮮のある幹部に至ってはテレビのインタビューに対して、「日本がかつて朝鮮人６００万人を強制連行し、２０万人の朝鮮人女性を従軍慰安婦という奴隷にしたことに比べればささいなことに過ぎない」といった言い訳反論をしている。インタビューアーは、こんな暴論に何の疑問・反問を呈するでもなく、はいそうですかといった調子で聞いているだけである。

　実はこの言い草、決して北朝鮮だけが主張しているわけではない。拉致隠し、拉致追求反対を行ってきた朝鮮労働党の「友党」社民党を初め、共産党、日教組、さらには朝日新聞なども多かれ少なかれ同調してきた論なのである。こんな大ウソをはびこらせておくことは犯罪を野放しにするに等しいことである。

　６００万強制連行のウソ

　戦時中に合法的に行われた「徴用」を「強制連行」と勝手に言い換えて、日本がさも奴隷狩りをやったかのような言いがかりをつけでいるのが「６００万強制連行」である。全く事実に反するデマである。

　昭和１３年に成立した国家総動員法に基づいてできた「徴用令」によって、「日本国民」を重要産業の職場に動員したのが徴用である。当時「日本国民」であった朝鮮人も当然この法令によって様々な職場に「徴用」された。特に、日本本土においては若い男性はほとんど戦場に出かけてしまったために、その職場に朝鮮の若者が徴用されてきたケースが多くあった。朝鮮では、「徴兵令」の適用が遅れ（昭和１８年から徐々に実施）未だ若い労働量が多く残っていたためである。

　「徴用」は諸外国でも広く行われている。イギリスでは第二次大戦中に１２００箇所近くに拡大された飛行場のほとんどは「徴用」労働力によって作られた。また、２０　３０才の未婚女性も徴用対象となって、航空機生産などに従事している。「徴用」を「強制連行」などと呼ぶことは世界中にない。

そんな言い方をしたら「徴兵」はそれこそ「超強制連行」になってしまうだろう。「強制連行」などという用語は、「トンデモ用語」であり、世界の非常識用語である。

　「徴用令」の適用が朝鮮になされたのは、戦争末期の昭和１９年９月である。翌２０年３月には関釜線が閉鎖され日本に来られなくなった。したがって、日本の工場に「徴用」されたのは、この６ヶ月間に日本に来た朝鮮労働者であり、人数としても６００万人の１００分の１足らずでしかない。

　２０万人の従軍慰安婦のウソ

　「従軍慰安婦」なるものは当時いなかった。戦地に開設された「慰安所」に出稼ぎにいった女性がいたというのが真実である。

当時は公娼制度が認められていたので、「慰安所」は合法的な存在であり、この経営は軍ではなく、民間の業者が行っていた。当時、貧しい人たちにとって高収入を望める職業の一つであったため、危険を冒して出稼ぎにいく女性が沢山いたのである。軍が強要する必要もないし、そんな事実は皆無である。広義に解釈しようとどうしようと強制連行などは全くない。

　元慰安婦文玉珠さんは、郵便貯金の払い戻しを求める訴訟も行った。その結果分かったことは、２年半の慰安婦時代に２万６千百４５円貯金していたということである。稼ぎの全部を貯金できるはずがないから、月に千円は稼いでいたという計算になる。当時少尉の給料が７０円であるから、その１５倍は稼いでいたわけである。２万６千円を持って朝鮮に帰れば、少なくとも家を５〜１０軒くらいは建てられたのである。如何に高収入かが分かる。

　なお、秦郁彦日大教授の最新研究によれば、慰安婦の総数は２万人前後、その内訳はおおよそ、日本人４０％、現地人３０％、朝鮮人２０％、その他１０％といった割合、ということである。朝鮮女性従軍慰安婦強制連行などというのは根も葉もないウソであり、いわんや２０万強制連行に至っては、超悪質デマ宣伝でしかないということがよく分かろうというものである。

　
Res.53 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:06:22

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
植民地化、戦争責任について



会員　丸山昌久

同じような議論がここ何年も続いています。
未だにこれらの問題を論議し続けようとする国は中国と朝鮮二カ国のみです。
淡白な日本人と違い粘質的な彼らの国民性によるのかもしれません。
これらについて私はこう思っています。

・彼らには触れられたくない過去がある――自分たち同じ民族同志が殺しあい、多くに人が死んだことには触れられたくない。それより他民族、日本人に受けた犠牲を強調し、国民意識を外に向け、国内の意識を統一しておきたい――金にもなるし…？

これらの国に共通して言えることは過去において日本を文化的に指導したことがあるという自負心と現体制が出来るに当たり、または出来てから内戦で同じ「同一民族同志が激しく殺し合い沢山の犠牲者を出したという悲しい歴史がある」ということです。

「日本への文化的指導」についてはここでは割愛させてもらいますが、「悲しい歴史」について触れてみましょう。

今の中華人民共和国が出来るに当たっては太平洋戦争以前も含めると3000万以上の人々が内戦により犠牲になっているのです。今の国が出来てからも大躍進期、文化大革命では2000万（〜6500万）以上の人々が犠牲になっています。
http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~vb7y-td/kak2/1209301.htm
http://members.tripod.co.jp/sa_yoshi/ryuugaku/horror.html

内戦と自国の政策失敗で犠牲になった人たちは5000万〜1億に上るのに対し、日中戦争による死者は1000万人です。
最近、中国共産党は国の「補償は解決したが国民の個人の補償は解決していない」といっています。それなら中国共産党が中国国民にしたことに対しての補償はどうなっているのでしょうか？これは日中戦争より新しい問題です。自分たちのしたことをチャンと補償してから日本に話したらどうかと思います。


朝鮮戦争では南北朝鮮で３５５万人が死亡したという。
http://www.osoushiki-plaza.com/institut/dw/199608.html
これは太平洋戦争で死んだ日本人（３２４万人）よりも多い数字だ。

済州島事件（４・３事件）・・・・３万人？
http://www.sv.cc.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/~ai369/kouen.html

麗水、順店の反乱事件、老付里事件、政治犯の粛清などを考えるとこの他10万以上の人が同国人による犠牲になっているのではないか？　合計すると365万人？ぐらいでしょうか？

これに対し日本が朝鮮を併合するに当たり何人死んだのでしょうか？
高麗大学　姜萬吉教授は５万といっています。この数字を認めたとしても2桁も桁が違います。
http://www.korea-np.co.jp/sinboj/sinboj2000/sinboj2000-11/1124/63.htm

それにもかかわらず韓国は北朝鮮に国交回復の話は出てくるが賠償の話は出てこない･･･？
ラングーンにおける韓国要人の爆破事件、北朝鮮工作員の破壊工作などについて韓国の人たちはこれにたいする賠償をどう考えているのでしょうか？

・違う体制の違う教育を受けた人たちの話だ。
１０年位前の話ですが当時のソ連首相ゴルバチョフが日本に来て日本人のシベリア抑留についてのコメントを求められて「あれは悲しい出来事であった。しかし、我々とは違う教育を受けた、違う体制の人たちがやったことだ」と話したことを思い出します。私にも同じような経験があります。英国人に「過去の英国植民地の国々に対してどう考えているのか？」と質問したら、同じようなことを言っていました。「インド人やアイルランド人は納得してくれるのか？」と聞くと、「アイルランド人の友達は沢山いる。皆いいやつで特に問題は無い。北アイルランドの問題で騒ぐのはほんの一部のアイルランド人だけだ？」、そして「過去のことを現在のわれわれに言われてもどうしようもない。それより彼らといっしょに色々建設的なことをやってゆくことが必要だ。その中で自然に信頼関係が出来てくる。我々にとっては将来を上手くやってゆくことが大切なのだ」といっていました。（アイルランドの人たちの考えは知りませんが･･･）
　一方的に片方の言い分（現政権の言い分）を押し付けたり、それを単純に謝っているだけでは解決はありえません。
「個々の人々が交流し、共同で仕事をする中で、互いを理解しあい、信頼関係をつくってゆく」こういう事を通してしか解決策は無いのではないかと思います。
ヨーロッパの人々はこのようにして解決しているのです。

かれらにとっては自国民同志で殺しあったという過去には触れられたくないのです。同じ民族の犠牲になったというよりは日本人の犠牲になったことを取り上げ、自国民の民族意識を高め、自国への求心力を強めておきたいのです。

勿論私は日本人が彼らに犠牲を強いたことは否定しません。
これに対し国としては平和条約（今まであった事を清算し今後は仲良くやっていこうというのが主旨）を結んだのです。

追記
ここに記載されている岡崎冬彦氏の意見も戦争責任の問題についての考えも参考になります。

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/goiken/00/04/gmain.html

　
Res.54 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:07:54

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
従軍慰安婦について


会員　谷原茂生　　　　会員　野口ひかる

１．谷原茂生の回答

２．野口ひかるの回答

３．谷原茂生の再回答

質　問

　あなたがたは 慰安婦 が存在しなかったと言いました。私はもっと多くの証拠と秦教授の研究についてさらに多くを知りたいです。私は多くの人々がその問題について不思議に思っていると思います。

１．谷原茂生の回答

　あなたのメールををありがとうございます。私は自由主義史観研究会のスタッフです。(^^)/私の名前は谷原茂生といい、日本 の歴史の教師です。

「あなたがたは 慰安婦 が存在しなかったと言いました。」

　いいえ、我々はこのような主張はしていません。慰安婦は存在しました。

　我々は日本の陸軍や警察が無理矢理に 慰安婦にするために韓国人（あるいは他のいかなるも国）の少女に慰安所へ連行したという事実はないということを言っているのです。


　慰安婦達は当時、大変高額なお金を稼いでいました。文玉珠は２６,１４５円も貯金していました。（１９４３〜１９４５年にかけて、毎日新聞の１９９２年、５月２２日の記事）当時、大部分の日本人には１年半ぐらいでその時２６，１４５円を蓄えることは不可能でした。もし私がこのような金を得たなら、多分私は何軒かの家を建てることができたでしょう。 (^^;

　まあ、こうした事実があるにもかかわらず、彼女は「私は無理矢理に慰安所に連れて行かれて慰安婦にされました。」と言っていました。

　そして１９４３年から１９４５年にかけて、日本は敗色が濃くなっていきました。けれども彼女はビルマ でそれほど多くの金を稼ぐことができたのです。
　慰安婦が日本の陸軍の性奴隷であった、と言われていますが、しかしこうした事実を見ると、私ははっきりとこれが一種のプロパガンダだと断言できます。

　大部分の慰安婦たちは業者によってだまされましたと言われています。彼女らの大部分もまた非常に貧しかったです。彼女らにとって生きることは（身売りしなければならないほど）難しかったのです。

　かつて日本では生活に困ったとき、金を得るために娘を売りました。娘達は工場、商家や、（場合によっては）女郎部屋などに行きました。（というのも）売春は日本では１９５８年まで違法ではなかったからです。

　もし我が国の警察や軍が女の子を拉致して慰安婦にしたのであれば、それは確かに戦争犯罪です。しかし秦教授によれば、当時はそのような『犯罪』はありませんでした。
　その上、秦教授は慰安所が４００カ所あったことを発見しました。大部分は、１カ所で１０人〜２０人の女性たちがそこで働いていたので、そうすると全体ではおよそ４０００の〜８０００いたということになります。（慰安所の）労働条件は日本での女郎部屋と同じぐらい同じでした。そして慰安婦の９５％が戦場から 生還しました。

　私はあなたにこれらの報告ができて本当にうれしいです。



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２．野口ひかるの回答

　　

　谷原さんの回答に若干付け加えます。私は今までこの問題についての質問に答えてきました。整理されていませんが、このメールの束をお見せします。この中には慰安婦と陸軍の軍人との収入の比較もあります。

　又韓国人の名前を何人か挙げていますが、正しい発音がお分かりでしたら教えて下さい。

　今秦教授の研究の英訳本を探していますが、見つかったら貴方にお知らせするか、英語のＨＰに掲載します。



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質問

元従軍慰安婦がだした要求をどのように思いますか。これらは嘘か誇張されたものでしょうか。日本軍が何千人もの若い女性を連行し、娼婦として働くよう強制したという事は、日本政府も認めたではないですか。


回答

　まず最初に申し上げますが、我々は売春には反対だと言うことです。近年日本では援助交際が一つの社会現象になっていますが、これは若い女性の売春を婉曲に言ったもので、困った現象と考えています。それは性交渉とは本能や快楽のためにするものではなく、成人の男女が親密な個人的関係になる事だと考えるからです。従って売春は長い間に交際の質を低下させ、その人の品位を下げるからです。
我々は又女性差別に反対します。インドにおける遺産目的の花嫁殺害、中国における花嫁売買と言った激しいものから、教育面、社会面、職業面等、程度の差こそあれ、全世界に女性差別があります。これは日本もアメリカも例外ではありません。

　娼婦と強姦の問題は歴史的にみて、世界中のあらゆる地域で、且つすべての戦争で見られることです。例えば終戦直後８月３０日にマッカーサーに率いられたアメリカ軍が、神奈川県の横須賀に上陸しました。その日に神奈川県だけでアメリカ兵による強姦事件が３１５件も報告されています。８月３１日の強姦事件は２２８件です。９月１０日までには１３２６件にも達しました。軍規の弛緩がこれらの強姦事件や多数の殺人事件を招いたのでしょう。しかし大半のケースは罰せられていません。

　このような犯罪から日本女性を守るため、政府と業者は５０万円づつ出資し、米軍進駐の僅か４日後に慰安所を開設しました。大森の慰安所の前に１列に並んで順番を待っているアメリカ兵を見たという人を知っています。

　アメリカ兵がこのような施設を利用することは犯罪だと思われますか。

　日本軍は強姦事件は犯罪として罰しました。理由はそれを放置すると、軍規が弛緩し、敵の怒りを招き、戦争の遂行に悪影響を及ぼすからです。

　同じ理由により、”いわゆる従軍慰安婦”は軍により強制されて娼婦になったのではありません。日本人慰安婦を含め、彼女たちは、専門業者により娼婦として集められ、報酬を貰って売春したのです。

　彼女たちが娼婦になった主たる理由はどうにもならない貧困でした。戦前の日本は貧しく、家族のために娘を売り、娼婦にすることは珍しいことではありませんでした。かわいそうなケースとしては、無知な女性が悪質な業者に騙されて娼婦になることもありました。そのような状態は今でもアジアの極貧地域では続いています。韓国でも２０年くらい前まではそうだったのです。
更に当時売春は合法だったのです。売春のお客が誰であるかは問題外であり、まして第２次大戦の大きな問題点ではありません。もし女性が銃を突きつけられ、娼婦になるよう強制されたとすれば、それは当時も現在も戦争犯罪であり、告発されるべきものです。


　現在”いわゆる従軍慰安婦”が強制的に連行された証拠は全くありません。ではどうしてこのような間違ったイメージが出来上がったのでしょうか。これは１９８３年吉田清治の嘘だらけの自叙伝に始まりました。この中で彼と兵士が済州島で婦女子を誘拐したと証言したのです。１９８９年韓国語に翻訳され、このイメージが広がりました。

　そこで韓国の地方紙の女性記者が済州島の古くからの住民と会い、事実関係を調査しました。その結果吉田の自叙伝は嘘であり、金目的に出版したことが分かったのです。彼女の記事は１９８９年８月１４日に記事になりましたが、掲載紙が地方紙であったため、殆ど注目されませんでした。
　１９８９年のほぼ同じ頃、日本の青柳と言う女性が日本政府と法廷で争うため、証言してくれる女性を捜しに韓国を訪れました。最初に現れたのは金学順でした。

　彼女の当初の証言では彼女は義理の父に４０円で売られ、その義父に日本の売春宿に連れて行かれたと言っていました。しかしその後、証言は「義父と北京へ仕事を探しに行き、そこで日本兵に連れて行かれた」と変わりました。どちらの証言が正しいのでしょうか。驚くことにどの公的組織もこの証言の食い違いを検証していません。国際キリスト教大学助教授西岡勉は、「２年前韓国政府に登録された元従軍慰安婦は１５５人で内７４人が生存している。１９９２年に韓国の民間組織に登録されていたのは１１０人で、内５５人が生存している」としています。多くの人が２重登録だったのです。

　韓国のソウル大学の安垂直教授は、彼がコンタクト出来た４０人以上の女性の証言を検討した所、半数以上の証言は矛盾していたり、時代背景と違っていたり、事実を歪められていたと言っています。彼はそのうち１９人の証言をまとめて発表していますが、その内日本軍に強制されて慰安婦にさせられたと言っているのは、僅か４人に過ぎません。しかもその内の一人は釜山で働いたと言い、他の一人は富山で働いた、と言っていますが、釜山にも富山にも軍の慰安所はなかったのです。

　残る２人の内一人は前述の金学順であり、今一人は文玉珠です。文玉珠は日本政府に対する訴訟で、当初は娼婦として売られたと言っています。日本政府はこの問題について厳密な調査や適切な裏付け捜査を行わず、日本の伝統的な手法と「ＮＯ」と言えない性格により、「政治的」に丸く収めようとし、恥ずべき河野声明を出したのです。それは軍に責任をかぶせる、信じられない程の官僚的な、無責任なものでした。


　左翼新聞の朝日新聞は事態を悪化させる重要な役割を果たしました。というのは彼女らの最初の証言である「娼婦として売られた」といった、大変重要な証言を報道しなかったのです。慰安婦問題は貧困と悪徳業者による悲劇でした。軍には何の責任もありません。この問題における朝日新聞の責任は極めて重大です。しかし今日までこの歪められた報道に対し、全く謝罪していません。（例えば「衝撃的な吉田清治の告白は嘘であった」等は決して報道されません）更にJapan Times、The Times、Washington Postといった英字紙の重要なニュースソースとなっているからです。

　私の記事の大半は国際キリスト教大学助教授の西岡勉の著書によったものです。氏は又月刊現代コーリヤの編集長でもあります。彼の従軍慰安婦についてのパンフレットは日本政治研究所？ｔｅｌ　０３−３２６８−６４５０、ｆａｘ　０３−３２６８−６１５７で入手可能です。


　日本大学の秦郁彦にも吉田証言についての研究があります。東京大学の藤岡教授も今年２月の外人記者クラブでの講演で、この問題に触れています。その中には日本政府の見解も含まれています。この講演の内容は当研究会のホームページの英語の頁、Frontlineで見れます。

　
Res.55 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:09:29

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
土地略奪の誤謬　　

　土地調査による土地の収奪については、調べたすべての教科書が触れている。

　土地調査事業は日本が統治するに当たって真っ先に行った大事業である。土地の面積、所有者、使用状況を調査し、課税の公平を期するためのものである。韓国政府でも1895年（明治28年）乙未の改革で、この土地調査に当たる量田事業を行っていたが、政変により中断された。（韓国教科書。日本ではその前年からの甲午の改革に含める）

　この頃の韓国では、永年の施政の紊乱により、いつの間にか管理人が実質上の地主となっていたり、飢饉で租税を納められない耕作者が流亡し、その跡地を無断で開墾し売買する等、権利関係が極めて不明確になっている土地が多かった。中でも最大の問題点は、駅屯土と総称される、もともとは公共用地、宮室用地であったが、実質上民間の所有となっていた土地についての、官と民の所有権争いであった。この官と民との所有権争いは、前述の乙未の改革以来のものである。この裁定に当たり総督府では数百年に亘り故事来歴を調べ、裁定した。その結果多くの土地で、民の所有権を否定し、それまでの韓国政府の主張通り、官の所有権を認めた。

　土地に関する所有権の問題は難しく、十年や二十年の時効では、不法占拠者に極めて有利となり、本来の地主の不満を買う。かといって何百年も実質的に土地を保有している人が、「元は不法占拠であった」として土地を接収された場合の不満は大きい。

　このような理由で総督府に接収された土地は、山本有造『日本植民地経済史研究』（名古屋大学出版会）によれば、約12万町歩に及ぶ。又定められた期間に申告しなかったり、所有権を証明する書類がないため接収された耕地が約２万７千町歩あり、接収された耕地は合計14万７千町歩である。当時の全耕地面積は 450万町歩であり、約３％である。

　これに正当な売買により取得した土地を加えた、1922年（大正11年）末の日本人農業者所有土地面積は、一般地主17万５千町歩、東洋拓殖８万町歩、合計25万５千町歩で、全耕地面積の６％弱である（朝鮮総督府『調査資料２ー７朝鮮における内地人』）。

　これに対し大きく間違った記述をしている教科書を第１表に示す。韓国教科書、桐原書店の４０％とか半分以上と言う数値は何処から出てきたものであろうか。

第１表　土地略奪についての各教科書の記述

韓国教科書 土地調査事業により、全国農地の４０％以上を略奪
桐原書店（高校） 全耕地の半分以上を接収
大阪書籍（中学）
三省堂（高校）
　 全羅北道の1920年、31年の土地所有者、所有面積の％を図示、日本人個人の土地保有面積は20年、31年共に45%
日本人会社は22%が37%に増加
清水書院（中学） 国とごく少数の地主しか所有権を認めなかった


　この理由についてのヒントは全錫淡他著、梶村秀樹他訳『朝鮮近代社会経済史』が与えてくれる。因みに全錫淡氏は北朝鮮の科学院歴史研究所近世・最近世史研究室長を勤めた北朝鮮における経済史研究の第一人者であり、梶村秀樹氏は著名な朝鮮史研究者である。

　この本によると、「駅屯土として国有地に編入された耕地面積は13万４千余町歩で、全耕地の５％に当たり、この駅屯土の小作人は33万２千余名に達した。この他にも田畑及びその他各種の土地90余万町歩を、いわゆる国有未墾地の名目で大量略奪した」と書いてある。この５％と言う数値から、この時の全耕地面積は270万町歩としていることが分かる。未墾地と認定された90万余町歩を含めた接収面積は100万町歩以上となり、韓国教科書の40％以上との表現と合致する。所がこの３頁後には「土地調査の結果、課税地総面積は424万８千余町歩となり、従来の課税地総面積286万７千余町歩に比べて46％増加した」とある。即ち耕地面積約280万町歩余と考え、土地調査したところ、全耕地面積は420万町歩以上あることが判明し、その他に調査面積の中に未墾地約百万町歩あったのである。そしてこの未墾地は持ち主不明と言うことで接収されたのである。尚山本有造も、土地調査で未墾地約百万町歩を接収したことを認めている。この未墾地として接収された土地はあくまで未墾地であり、その後の統計でも耕地面積に含まれない土地であり、耕地面積の比率に含めることは妥当ではない。

　次に三省堂の日本史Ａ、大阪書籍で引用されている東畑精一他『朝鮮米穀経済論』（日本学術振興会）を当たった所、この数字は全羅北道全体の数値ではなく、全羅北道所在の五つの水利組合の合計値であることが分かった。又記載された1920年と31年の間には、全体の土地面積は1.4に拡大している。即ち日本人農家が水利の改善に熱心だったことを示すものでしかない。この数字をもって全体を類推させる悪質な表現方法である。

　又清水書院は「国と少数の地主しか土地の所有権を認めなかった」と書いているが、朝鮮では人口２千万人に対し、土地調査完了時、土地所有を認められた人は187万人もあり（萩原彦三『朝鮮の土地調査』友邦協会）、明らかに間違いである。

　
Res.56 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:10:33

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
ハングルの普及は日本統治の成果

　

　日本語教育に関する各教科書の記述を第４表に示す。併合時、日本語の教育が強制されたことは書いてあるが、朝鮮語も必修科目であったことは書いていない。

第４表　日本語、朝鮮史に関する各教科書の記述

　 併　合　時 日中戦争発生時
韓国教科書　　　　
　 朝鮮語の代わりに日本語を強制された
　 朝鮮語教育と朝鮮史教育は一切禁止され、抵抗した学校は閉鎖された
大阪図書（中学）
　 学校では日本語や日本歴史を強制的に教えました
　
東京図書（中学）

　 朝鮮史を教えることが禁止され、日本史や日本語を教えた
　 日本語の使用を強力に推し進めた

　
教育出版（中学）

　 日本語を国語として強制し朝鮮の歴史や地理より、日本の歴史や地理を教えた

　
清水書院（中学）
　
　 日中戦争が始まった頃には日本語の使用を強制し
山川出版（高校） 　 日本語教育の徹底
　

日本が普通学校（小学校）で朝鮮語教育を止めたのは1941年（昭和16年）である。1938年（昭和13年）には選択制になったが、朝鮮人校長の学校ではすぐ朝鮮語教育を止めたのに対し、日本人校長の学校の方が続けたとの事である。（八木信雄『日本と韓国』日韓文化出版社）いずれにせよそれまでの30年近くは朝鮮語は必修科目だった。

　又官庁では1939年（昭和14年）まで朝鮮語の学習を奨励する朝鮮語奨励費が支出されており、約30年為政者は朝鮮語を学び、朝鮮人には日本語を学ばせ、意思の疎通を図るよう努力したのである。

　開国以前の朝鮮の正式の文書はすべて漢文で書かれていた。その為ハングルは諺文と軽視され、寺子屋に当たる書堂でも教えない所もあった。しかし表音文字であるので、字数が少なく、自然にかなり普及していた。

　1882年（明治15年）アメリカへの開港により、急速にキリスト教が流入した。彼らは布教にハングルを使った事により、ハングルの普及に貢献した。

　新聞にハングルが登場するのは、1886年（明治19年）発行された『漢城週報』である。朴泳孝の要請を受け、編集に携わっていた井上角五郎が、福沢諭吉の「ハングルを使って日本の仮名混じり文の様な文体を作り、文明化しなければならぬ」との意見を入れ、漢字とハングルの混淆文で書いたのが始まりである。

　ハングルが急速に普及するのは日清戦争で韓国が清の宗主権を脱してからである。ナショナリズムの高揚する中で、ハングルを使った新聞が次々に発行された。又公用語としてのハングルが初めて認知された。

　1910年（明治43年）併合後の日本は学校教育では朝鮮語を必修課目とした。この教科書の作成を通じ、綴字法の統一、標準語の制定、普及が進んだのである。勿論韓国教科書で主張する朝鮮語研究会、朝鮮語学会が大きく貢献した事は言うまでもない。

　朝鮮語は1937年（昭和12年）まで必修であり、その間に初等教育の普及は大幅に進んだ。併合時書堂を含め、10％程度だった就学率は1937年には 36％に達している。これと共にハングルは普及したのである。ハングルの普及に最も貢献したのは、朝鮮人自身としても、日本の貢献も合わせて評価すべきである。
　
Res.57 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 04:12:14

http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/frontline/index.html
朝鮮史の研究・教育　　

　

　朝鮮史教育についての各教科書の記述も第４表に示す。日本語の禁止と共に朝鮮の歴史を歪曲し、教えなかったと非難されている。

　総督府は1915年（大正4年）景福宮に総督府博物館を設けたのを始め、慶州、開城、平壌、扶余、公州に次々に博物館又は分館を設け、過去の貴重な遺物の収集をし、古蹟の調査・保存を行った。

　更に1922年（大正11年）には朝鮮史編纂委員会を設け、1941 年（昭和16年）まで毎年５万円から１０万円投資し、アジア各地から資料を集め、新羅統一以前から李朝後期まで、全35卷、２万４千頁の朝鮮史を刊行している。問題のある箇所も多々あるとは思うが、古代、秀吉の朝鮮侵攻時、近代の三つの時代を除けば、殆ど合意できる筈であり、貴重な資料となっている。

　又授業でも日本史の一環として朝鮮史にも配慮されていたのである。歴史教育が始まったのは、初等教育が四年制から六年制に延長された1921年（大正10年）からである。1932年（昭和７年）に発行された国史教科書には朝鮮史に関連する事項として「昔の朝鮮」「三国の盛衰」「新羅の統一」「高麗の王建」「高麗と蒙古」「朝鮮の太祖」「李退溪と李栗谷」「英祖と正祖」と言った項目がある。

　1940年（昭和15年）の教科書の改訂は時代順の記述を止め、例えば「都のさかえ」「太平のめぐみ」「海外のまつりごと」「制度のととのい」「世界の動き」「国力のあらわれ」と言った具合に、テーマ毎に歴史を学ぶ極めて意欲的な編成をしている。従って題名からは朝鮮の歴史が消えたが、それぞれのテーマの中で相当量取り上げられている。（森田芳夫『韓国における国語・国史教育』原書房）

　
Res.58 by 無回答 from 日本　2004/10/22 09:06:21

いつの間にか朝鮮かなんかのスレッドになってる…
こんなところに書いてる暇があったら、英語にしてホームページで世界中の人に公開したほうがいいんじゃないかと。別に私だって実際虐殺かつ人体実験だった原爆が正当化されてて日本人まで騙されてたりと歴史が正当に評価されてるとは思わないけど、ここに書くよりどっか別のところに書いたほうが生産的かも。

とりあえず、そんな嘘にもすっかり騙されてのほほんとアメリカ好きだったりするあたりが日本人のよさであるかもしれませんね。いつまでも歴史を引きずって恨み言ばかり言って敵対心剥き出しでそれにエネルギー使ってるより建設的だから、これだけ経済的に成長したのかもしれないし。もちろん、それが悪いところでもあるのだけど、でも企業面接なんかでよく言うように、長所と短所って表裏というか、紙一重というか、どう見るかにもよるんですよね。差別もあることは確かだけど、でもあんまり激しくないですし、本人次第でどうにかなるレベルです、わたしの職場には中国人も韓国人もいますが好かれるかどうかは本人の人となりですね、日本人と同じで。 　
Res.59 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 16:53:05

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/preface.html

Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa of Japan visited South Korea in 1993, and apologized for pre-war governance of Korea by Japan. Following this incident, successive Prime Ministers also continued to apologize, This is quite a mistake. There is no need for Japan to apologize either to South Korea or to North Korea. Neither Japan nor Korea has ever taken note of the fact that contrary to popular perception today, Japan’s governance of Korea may be considered the most reasonable of colonial rules of this period, and I insist that Japan contributed in a most positive manner to the construction of modern South Korea. The purpose of this site is to explain why I came to this conclusion. Of course, that is not to say there were no misgovernments. Nevertheless, on the whole, Japan’s rule made lasting positive contributions to the economy and society of Korea, in a manner quite different from colonial rules of the Western powers.

The reasons are the following:

1.The Japanese rule established the basis for Korea’s post-war development. Among many former pre-war colonies, the countries that developed like such, was only Taiwan which was also the colony of Japan. Hong Kong and Singapore are city nations without the rural area, where the development is slow and weak, therefore, it is not possible to compare Korea in the same light.
The Philippines, a former colony of the United States is still impoverished. Taiwan and South Korea developed due to Japan building their infrastructure, developing industry, and training its people.

2,The Japanese treated Taiwanese less warmly than Koreans, but nevertheless the Taiwanese have evaluated Japan duly, and to this day many have willingly expressed their gratitude.
Why do Taiwanese evaluate warmly Japanese governance?

One reason is that Korean had been poor. Taiwan is warm, can harvest rice twice a year and there was sugar as a special product. Therefore Taiwanese grew early and become rich. On the other hand, Korea was cold, and there was not a special product.

It is about 1935 that Korean escaped from the world depression and grew up. The agriculture promotion and industrial development were successful and suddenly grew up. However, the second World War began in 1941. The period when Korea was easy to live, was too short.

But, as for the biggest reason, there is not freedom of speech in Republic of Korea / North Korea either. ”The explanation for a pro-Japanese group” published in this spring, was appointed as a harmful book, and was obstructed free sale. And Kim Wan Sop, the author of this book, was received examination with renegade crimes of foreign-based war, and is persecuted. Then it became clear that Korean history recognition was made by government in order to blackmail Japan, by suppression of freedom of thought.

To appreciate each other, most important thing is the right knowledge. However both textbooks of Korea and Japan distort the fact.

We would like to tell the truth with this website.
Only the truth is basis of the Japan-South Korea reconciliation.　

　
Res.60 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 16:54:55

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/apologize/preface.html

A thought that ”Be ruled by other nation is immediately unhappy” is wrong. There are many people who insists that Japanese should apologize to Korean at first today. They think that Japan had governed Korea, made a Korean unhappy by itself.

In 1918, Wilson proposed the principle of self-determination of the nation. After then, there are few parsons to deny this thought. As a result, ethnic battle such as Kosovo, or East Timor continue everywhere in the world. In land such as Kosovo where many nations coexist, is it really unhappy what is ruled by another nation?

Meiji era, Tokichi Tarui wrote ”Daito union theory” and got a heart of a lot of people. The basis of this thought is, ”Japan and Korea must be union and put power together with China, to have to prevent European and American aggression” and he told as an example of union, such as Britain, America, or Germany. Britain was surely the union of three countries, England, Wales, and Scotland. USA is a union of many states. Germany became alliance kingdom led by Prussia in 1871. In addition, two or three nations becomes one country in Belgium, or Switzerland. The thought ”It is impossible to become union because we were another nation or another country for a long time” is wrong.

We Japanese ware governed by USA after defeat. USA assisted food and made efforts to spread consideration of a personal right or the democratic system. There were neglect of moral education problems, but it may be said that it was good government. Therefore many Japanese feel doubt in the use of military power to keep a country, and a constitution of the war abandonment is not yet revised.

In addition, which ware happy the Chinese in mainland or the Chinese in Hong Kong?It is said that 20,000,000 victims ware killed in Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in mainland. Millions of nation suffers on starvation line in North Korea as every year. Tens of millions of people were enforced discipline in the Soviet Union under Stalin rule. As for the North Korean and the Soviet Union person, were they really happy because they were ruled by same nation?

But Stalin was Georgian instead of Russian in fact. The Soviet Union is a multiracial nation, and it is a Union of a lot of nation republics. By idealism of Lenin, each republic had an equal right and formed the Soviet Union. Therefore Stalin of Georgian took office as the President.

Marx said ”A capitalist was the person who exploited a worker, and the enemy of a worker”. And said ”The suzerain is the existence to exploit a colony likewise”.

However,　current business administration teach that ”it is the most important to draw the worker’s will to work, for pursuit of maximum profit”. In addition, a capitalist, a manager and a worker are fellow soldiers of the same team, to fight successfully through war between intensifying companies. It is most important for development of a country to match power not exploits a colony. This relation is similar to a capitalist, a manager and a worker.

If independence exercise is frequent, burdens of a suzerain increase. Therefore the greatest defect of argument up to this time is a lack of a military viewpoint. The greatest reason why Japan annexed Korea, was to prepare for the revenge by the Russia or Soviet Union. When Japan fought against the Soviet Union, a trend of Korean people is extremely important. It become great war potential, if Korean fight with Japan. However, it become serious decreases of war potential adversely, when Koreans stand in the Soviet Union side and Koreans caused independence exercise.

Kazushige Ugaki who took office as governor-general of Korea in 1931, did the following speech at a dinner in Club of Tokyo Bank. ”In the first Great War, Poland which became one state of German and Russia, and were seen unified to German and Russia,outwardly, came to betray a mother country when war continued long time, and war became painful”. Even if they were appeared to unify to German or Russia, they were not unify to them from mind side, or from a material side.

When I think about Korea, it becomes bad for a global panic, seeing from mind side, or seeing from a material side, compared to four years ago when I worked as the substitution governor-general of Saito, who was away on business in Geneva meeting.

As these measures, we must pass some works to Koreans from Japanese, we must develop industry and business, and must give Koreans works more. Then what industry you should start in Korea? At first it is mining industry, exploitation of abundant resources such as gold, iron ore, or coal. Furthermore there are many business which we should develop more, such as forest resources in north Korean , the uncultivated wilderness, utilization of a shoreline, waterpower resources, rich and cheap labors.

But an insufficient thing is wisdom and a fund. I ask for cooperation of all of you.”

Judging from a military viewpoint, most important matters are stability of the Korean domestic administration, improvement of a life level and one feeling with Japan as a result.

When I thought about Korea merger, I feel commonalty with allying of today’s global company, or a company war. There are many examples that a new company grows up into a big business, by a business tie-up ( send an adviser into it ), capital participation / the purchase (to a protected state), and a procedure of merger (merger). It is same as a road reaching Korea to merger. In this case, war potential increases only after it become one feeling with a merged company. When the company opposed to the company which was merged, the war potential will decrease instead of increase by it.

Therefore, by a process of unification, a victim will appear, but if successful, employee get more salary and they become more happy. I think that nationality of a ruler has nothing to effect with happiness of the nation.

I think ”Evaluation of a ruler must be decided whether the ruler made that life of the nation become stabilized, discrimination become less and people get the chance of self-realization. But it is thought generally that same nation’s ruler is preferable to another nation’s ruler from wishful thinking with a little discrimination and many opportunities of self-realization. It is connected in which you will be happy that you work at a good foreign-affiliated company or a bad Japanese company. I think that you will work better at a Japanese company generally. If salary is very good, when you will discriminated, you will never be happy. However, when foreign-affiliated company evaluates you and treat you fairly, it will be good than you work at the Japanese company which does not permit what you want to do.

At Paris peace conference after World War I, USA insisted on self-determination, and Japan insisted on abolition of nation discrimination. Today, USA demands the loyalty for USA as an American regardless of a color of skin or a difference of a word. Nation discrimination has been broken as principle. Concord of five tribes which Japan insisted on in those days is coming true in USA.

I put together my opinion last.

1. There are two meanings in a nation which is an origin of nationalism, tribe and state. Nationalism in a meaning of state is necessary for the degree that does not exceed. However, as for the nationalism in a meaning of a tribe, it is harmful in the today’s society, in which many tribes do a mixture.

American Christianity who insist on self-determination drove 3 .1 independence exercise in Korea and fanned anti-Japan exercise in China and led Roosevelt to anti-Japan, pro-Communist policy and made a cause of Pacific War.

There is a lot of ethnic battle today in the world. The tribe who are discriminated demands self-determination from this solution, and it is carried out. However, as a result, a ruled tribe who lived in the district falls to new tribe who are discriminated. Therefore, solution of ethnic battle must be concord instead of self-determination. A necessary thing is mind of the harmony, and ”the God’s country in which people is tolerant and pious of all religion ” that ex-Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori insists on.

When I think so, self-determination was one of two very wrong ideas which influenced the 20th century as same as communism.

2. In any kind of politics, there is a good point and bad point. The good politics for a poor person is dissatisfaction to a rich person. If viewpoints are different, the evaluation reverses. The evaluation changes whether you take freedom of speech or you take stability of life.

3. The required society is ”the society where life is stable, and there is not discrimination, and a chance of self-realization is given”. Nationality of a ruler is not concern. We should abandon the prejudice, that the rule by another people is unhappy. It is important that we think about what kind of policy was succeeds, and any kind of policy was wrong. There are many countries which need help of a developed nation for escape from poverty or solution of ethnic battle.

　
Res.61 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 16:57:52

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/apologize/conclusion.html

Apology is unnecessary to Korea

In introduction 1, I pointed out that the persons who insist Japan should apologize to Korea for Japan’s colonial rule at first, said the following matters as the basis of argument.
1. The colonial rule of Japan are most severe n the world.
2. Nothing was good in Japanese colonial rule.
3. Even if Japan contributed to Korean development, ”we did not ask for”.

Therefore I divide the first point into two ”the Japanese rule was so severe” and ”Japanese failure” and show my conclusion adding international comparison.

1, Were the rule of Japan so severe?

About this problem, I am disgusted, how Korean history society distorts facts and Japanese society follows it.
This origin cause is that they think correct about the Cairo declaration which was only wartime propaganda.
I am surprised how ”anti-Japan propaganda in America / China in the time of 3 .1 independence exercise” which became the cause of this Cairo declaration, influenced on today.

At first point of distortion of the history, they do not have recognition about the miserable Korean reality before merger. Without this reflection, they cannot prevent second destroying a country. A purpose to learn the history is to learn from the history, and does not repeat past failure.
I think that it is important to tell a right history without concealing a terrible sight of those days.

The second point is distortion of a history fact.
It was said that Japan plundered of 40% of farmland by land investigation unfairly, but actually it was only 3%.
In addition, they multiply the number of victim by 3 .1 independence exercise on the basis of simple rumor. It’s numerical value is more than 10 times of governor-general’s office announcement. Even if statistics of a governor-general’s office are not trust, they should write two opposing arguments at least.
In addition, they should not describe unfair expression such as problem of emigrant.They describe the causes of an emigrant of temporary was that of all periods.

They insist that the system of changing the name was like Japanese compulsion. However, it is natural to think that it was compulsion by mind controlled Korean district bureaucrats, in a great chorus of unification to Japanese.This point is only my guess, but I believe it. The reason is the national traits that do not forgive dissenting opinion seen by today’s history textbook problem.

The third point is denial of Japanese contribution at all, especially in the later half of 1930’s. If there was not Japanese contribution, there was not the today’s Korean development. The best evidence is stagnation of the I Sungman times. The growth of economy stopped since the Japanese rule was over.

Then why will such a distortion have been forgiven?
One is by reasons of Korean side. Exile of a pro-Japanese group was done severe after the war in Korea. Therefore it was dangerous to evaluate Japan justly, after exile of a pro-Japanese group, too.

It was against national interest, to evaluate the Japanese rule justly for compensation request to Japan, so it was not able to permit.
Korean mass communication is fanatic as you can see about a textbook problem, so the opinion against intention of mass communication is not permitted.

It is natural that the children who grew up by such a history education become an anti-Japan.
They do not learn that they distort the history themselves and make noise that it is distortion of the history when Japanese insist on the right history.

As the reason of Japan side, it is a trend of historical self-torture group and the radicals who support Korean and those staying in Japan.
When I told that ”I am examining about Korea”, I received advice from many persons ”to stop such a dangerous study”.
It is clear that this is not simple imaginary fears, because an office of ”Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform” was set fire.
In such a violent atmosphere, distortion of the history is continuing.

2, Japanese failure

However, I can point out many failure whether a Japanese policy did not have failure.
At first, it is a problem of franchise of a Korean. At the time of merger, literacy rate of a Korean was low, and the infrastructure was not arranged.
On the other hand, the government was not able to expect the yield of taxes.
I can understand a thought of Japanese government of those days who did not give franchise to Korean, whose demand were so severe.

However, Japan gave franchise just before the end of the war, but there is an extremely few member of the Diet judging from the population ratio to mainland. I think Japan must give franchise as such a degree at first. Japan made Christianity and Tendo religion to an enemy by this thing.

It is a matter to regret the death of two Resident-General, Ito and Sone at this point. Especially Hirobumi Ito was a person who hear the opinions of people well, made Japanese parliamentary system, and the person who set up 政友会(one of a political party in Japan).

Chong Unpuk(鄭雲復) the governer of 西北学会(one of a political party in Korea)write a letter to Ito〈 Shall I become a Diet member in Tokyo?>.
It is said that the history does not have if, but I am interesting how Ito manage the problem of franchise, if Ito was not assassinated.

And I think Japan must improve it in the Minami governor-general times when the making one to Japan advanced so much. It passed about 10 years from the 2nd improvement of local government system in governor-general Saito. I think that Japan should magnify franchise as a reward of recruitment of a volunteer and labor mobilization.

I think that it is impossible to demand more than international level of those days, about a problem of discrimination for a Korean. Judging from social maturity degree, racial discrimination was the natural in those days internationally. However, the problem to lessen bullying by education was left still.

Next, It is a plunder problem of farmland. Land-ownership of many farmers was denied by land investigation.
It was the result of judgment, but many farmers who lost farmland had discontent, and it became one of a cause of 3 .1 independence exercise.

I can point out that it was a problem that they left the military police, after the establishment of the peace just after merger,
It was the theme between the military police and the civilian police, was concluded in the Taiwan rule that it should be led by the civilian police.
In addition, Terauchi governor-general let all civilian official such as teacher of a school have the saber. I think that such coercive policy was wrong.

Governor-general Hasegawa who should revise a bad point of the reign of governor-general Terauchi was specialized in military affairs, and he was a person of the inability in the domestic administration. But it was the Terauchi governor-general who appointed such a person to the governor-general, when he took the office as the prime minister .
Problems of this time were caused by governor-general Terauchi entirely.

The compulsions of a governor-general’s office such as the system of changing name or mobilization of labor were criticized. But It is natural to think, those compulsions were by the Korean district bureaucrats who were mind controlled in a great chorus of making one body by Korean mass communication.

However, it is a fact to have been a lot of victims between wartime, in military service and commandeering labors. So I show will of condolence deeply though they were unavoidable in defeats.

As a problem before merger, many Japanese hooligan committed injustice and troubled Korean. It hurt a Japanese image greatly.
The consul police which should supervise this, went along with them and committed injustice．I regoret these matter very mach. It is natural to be criticized self-conceit and the inability of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In addition, this is only my suppose, there is a cause of speaking apology of Prime Minister Hosokawa that there were many rumor of Japanese evildoing in the Hosokawas who went into Korea in this period.

3, Japanese contribution

Nasanual Pepher of China Press wrote in ”The history of Korea independence exercise.” that ”the poverty of the common people is serious in Korea of those days, the government is extremely parasitic and corrupt, and the fate of fall was clear”.
In such Korea, Japanese taught ”the figure how should be as a human being” or ”a working means”, and switch it to legal control system from human control system. It is the greatest contribution to have modernized social structure. So Japanese can be proud of it to the world.

Taiwanese accept Japanese contribution for economic development of Taiwan by comparison with Hainan Island.
If Japan did not govern Korea, perhaps Korean would remain in the ordinary standard of living of China or Siberia.

The reason that Japan merged Korea, was on military affairs as governor-general Ugaki pointed it out.
Therefore Japan made every possible effort for improvement of the standard of living of a Korean, and caused the Korean Industrial Revolution.
It was clear by various statistics data that the improvement of the standard of living since the later half of 1930’s to the first half of 40’s.As a result, the mood of making one body of Japan and Korea, suddenly risen.

Furthermore, we cannot ignore the effect of the Japan-ROK Basic Relations Treaty conclusion, and economic contribution by ODA after it, too.

4, ”We did not ask you”

The person who accept a contribution for economic development by Japan, say ”it is a thing what Japan did freely ”, ” it was not asked from Korea side” or ”becoming rich is not always happy”.
However, will you think the children in Africa are happy who are suffering from starvation?
I cannot feel the nation happy utterly, who depends only on a faith cure if they fall sick .
The person who think the ancient people were happy, is the people who do not know pains of starvation or illness.

When I saw a process to Korea merger, a lot of people relied on Japan and wanted to reform the domestic administration and improvement of the life.
However, I think that there were few people who wanted to reform of the domestic administration and improvement of the life even if they destroy a country.
But, oneself does not make an effort but pull a foot each other, then the men who want to help get tired of it.
In addition, one to help was not so rich to help other countries as charities.
Japan wanted Korea to become independent , pro-Japanese and the buffer with Russia.
But Korea could not answer to Japanese expectation.

I associate this matter with worldwide business war.
There was a company just before bankruptcy by a deficit.
However, because a geographical condition of the company was good, 3 companies were going to ally with one’s own side.
And they went to war at last.
On the other hand, a president of the company did not think about his employees at all, he broke the promise with the partner by his own selfishness or for circumstances of then,
Nonpayment of a wage continued many months, too.
A thoughtful officer aimed at reform of a company, and someone requested (A) and another one request (B) for cooperation.
However finally, only Japan remained that Korea could rely to.

Generally when the company was demanded relief by other companies, at first they invest the capital, dispatch an adviser,and plan to rebuild, respecting independence of the company.
However, when the rebuilding does not advance well, they strengthen the interference, put the company to be rebuild completely under the control, annex and finally completely unify 20〜30 years after.
The Korea merger followed the same progress as this.
It is said that it needs about 30 years to unify of a major company completely. It is years that new employee has real power of management.
It must be taken 50 years in the case of a country.
Unfortunately it was not enough years to completely unify Korea.

5, international comparison

I clarified it in Chapter 5, that the Japanese rule was the most superior, by comparison with the rule of the Great Powers for the various countries in Southeast Asia.
Westerners defined oneself as an excellent people and defined an Oriental as a people under one step.
This thing reflects it in various policies.
For it, Japan demanded abolition of racial discrimination.
In late years this demand comes true finally in America and they make efforts in American development, as the same American even if colors of skin are different.
It is an idea that they must collaborate in development of a Japanese empire as a member of the same Japan, even if the race is different.
Many colonies became independent after WW�供�Then the countries which were former colonies, compensated old suzerain in addition to the private property which they requisitioned.
For it, Japan paid money of economic assistance adversely.
As mentioned above, I insist ”Japan does not need to apologize to Korea at all”.
I insist on we should accept the error of self-determination of nations, and we should aim at reconciliation of nations, which Japan insistted before WW��.

For the Japan-Korea friendship

There are many opinions that my opinion is harmful and useless for the Japan-Korea friendship.
However, with posture that ”an opinion of a partner is wrong, but I will compromise for the friendship”, can you tie the true friendship? It is only submission.
The purpose to learn the history is to learn from the history.
What I can study from such a posture is that ”that country is an illogical, so it is better not go together?”
For the true friendship, I insisted on we should insisted on each other, ”this was my mistake, but that was your mistake”.

I wish, the times will come that we can estimate calmly beyond a difference in situation or opinion.
　
Res.62 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 16:59:03

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/soshi-kaimei.html

Soushi-Kaimei


So-Shi (to establish the surname-Shi )
Kai-Mei (to change the second name-Mei)

February 11, 1940 was National Founding Day of 2600 in Imperial era. On this auspicious day, the revision of the civil law in Korea and Taiwan was done. In this revision, the people in Korea and Taiwan might exchange their name to Japanese-style if they want, It is called So-Shi (to establish the surname-Shi ) Kai-Mei (to change the second name-Mei) in Korea and Kai-Sei-Mei ( to change the surname-Sei and the second name-Mei) in Taiwan. Sei and Shi mean ”surname” in Japan, and Japanese use them as same meaning. Mei means ”second name”.

Why was it Sou-Shi （to establish the surname-Shi ) instead of Kai-Sei（change the surname-Sei) in Korea? Because this difference can not be understood, this system is misunderstood very much and reputation is very bad in both Korea and Japan.

The reason is that the meaning of surname is quite different from Japan to Korea. Japanese surname is a name of a family, and a couple has the same surname. Therefore, when they marry, either man or woman changes his or her surname. The surname of Korean is the tribal name of the father and can not change throughout the life. The marriage of man and woman who belong the same tribe and have the same surname, can not be forgiven by the law. This item was left by this revision of Korea civil law of 1940.

By this item, when the couple will marriage, they had to confirm the surname of a partner. Therefore, even if people will change their surname to Japanese-style, they must leave their surname of Korea type in the census register. Therefore Governor official defined Japanese-type surname as ”Shi” and Korean-type surname as ”Sei”, and solved this problem. Namely, people must use Japanese-style surname formally, and Governor official left the surname of Korea-type in the census register. Therefore, it was Soshi (to establish the surname-Shi ).

The surname for a married couple in Taiwan is basically a separate , but the marriage of man and woman who have the same surname is forgiven. Therefore, there is no problem that the couple has same surname and to change the surname, . After the war, North Korea forgave marriage of man and woman who have the same surname of Korea-type. Japan was criticized that they deprived Sei (the surname of Korea-type) from a Korean, but they established a system of Japanese-type surname-Shi to keep Sei (the surname of Korea-type).

A notice to establish the surname-Shi was in 6 months and when there was not a notice, the surname-Shi was decided the same as Korean-type surname-Sei of the head of a household. Then Shi (Japanese-style surname”) of a wife became the same as Shi (Japanese-style surname) of her husband, but her Sei ( Korea-style surname) did not change. The family who established Shi(Japanese-style surname) was called 80%, but it was 100% precisely. The families who send the notice in a time limit were 80%.

In addition, it was permission system in Taiwan, and families who were admitted a change of the surname, did not reach 2%. It was under the China incident in those days. So the Governor-General of Taiwan made examination severe, because it would become hard to distinguish a Japanese or a Taiwanese. On the other hand, the Governor-General of Korea recommended to establish Shi(Japanese-style surname). Because it was the first step to make a same appearance of a Japanese and a Korean, to unify Japan and Korea.

I feel mysterious, because Taiwanese criticized Japan a little, and Korean criticized hard, as a result.

　
Res.63 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/22 17:02:46

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/The_American_governance_of_the_Philippines.html

The American governance of the Philippines

Historical summary
The Philippines became Spanish colony in the early sixteenth century. In 1898, when the Spanish-American war started, the United States called on Aguinaldo, the independence leader for the Philippines, exile in Hong Kong, to take arms to fight along with the United States. However as the Spanish army surrendered, the US commander showed sympathy to the Spanish commander who could not bear to surrender to the savages, and excluded the Filipino army. The Filipino army was not allowed into the Manila castle. Moreover, they were refused to take a part in the peace conference in Paris. As a result, a three-year long independence war started.

On the other hand, the Philippines were sold to the United States for twenty million dollars as determined in the Paris peace conference in December, 1898. The official American governance began in April of 1899, four years after the Japanese possession of Taiwan and eleven years before the annexation of Korea.

The American governance of the Philippines began with the battle against the army led by Aguinaldo. Three military administrators were appointed until the civil government was established in July, 1901. The last military administrator was Arthur MacArthur, whose son was the commander of the Allied Forces in Japan, Douglas MacArthur. President McKinley has given several instructions on the basic policies. One of them was an emphasis on education, based on the principle ”Education is the greatest weapon,” six hundred some teachers were brought in from the United States and the elementary education was given for free. Moreover, the United States appointed their vice-governor-generals also as the secretaries of education, emphasizing the education of the natives. This attitude of emphasizing on education was equally great to that of Japan, among the many colonial nations.

Another instruction of McKinley was about local governments. He instructed: ”We would allow city governments the maximum self-governing, as we organize from small to big, as we go from cities to statehood.” On this instructin, officials of local governments were appointed among Filipinos.

In the judiciary system, the native laws were respected, as long as it did not infringe the military rule. The grand jury was established in May, 1900 and six out of nine justices were Filipinos. A later, the American justices were appointed only one person than Filipino justices. Safety in the towns was quickly regained through these appeasement policies,and the revolutionary army was almost suppressed three years later. But it was 1906 that the revolutionary armies were completely surpressed. It was the eight years after　since the opening of the war with a revolutionary army. Compared to Taiwan, which took seven years, it was well-done.

The government moved toward civilian control in 1901. The first governor-general of the Philippines was Taft, who later became the president of the United States. As a member of the Philippine committee which was the highest organization of a legislation, 4 Americans and 3 Filipinos were appointed.

State governments were composed of governor, prosecutor, secretary, financial commissioner, and director. At first the Philippine committee apointed Americans as financial commissioner, and director, and Filipinos as prosecutor and secretary. Also according to the city and village act passed around this time, the mayors and all the council members were to be elected through the election.

Taft despised the fact that churches and monasteries owned a huge amount of land and literally controlling the farmers. He negotiated with Spain and bought those land for seven million dollars. Simultaneously he passed a landlord act, and prohibited American capitals to own a great deal of land. In 1906, he resumed the construction of railroad, which had been interrupted because of the war, and in 1908, established the University of the Philippines. It was before the Japanese annexation of Korea.

The congress of the Philippines was established in 1907, and state governors were to be elected by direct referendum, and instead of directors, state committees were to be elected into public offices through direct referendum. As seen here, the Filipino politics has greatly involved the Filipinos since the beginning.

In comparison, Masatake Terauchi, the first governor-general of Korea, appointed Koreans for six out of thirteen governor positions, selected Koreans for chiefs of villages, but freedom of media, and assembly was not guaranteed, and ordered Isshinkai, who contributed greatly to the annexation of Korea, to disband. There never was an equivalent to council at any level of the government. Japanese government established the House of counselors with the establishment of a governor-general’s office. In this organization, all the others were influential Koreans except chairman, chief secretary, and a few secretaries. However, this organization was only to answer questions, and investigate old customs.

As Wilson, who is famous for the self-determination of people, had been elected as the president in 1912, and Haliman was appointed as the governor-general. The positions as high-rank officials, which had been given mainly to the Americans, were given to the Filipinos. Out of nine members of the Committee of the Philippines, five were Filipinos and they were also nominated for high-rank officers. At the same time six hundred American government officials who felt uncomfortable about working under the natives had returned home.

In 1916, the Jones Act was passed and the future independence was insured. The Filipino congress became bicameral and the suffrage was granted to all the men who were twenty-one years or older. The localization of the Filipino government has advanced. Although there were some commotion under the Republican administration, but there was no difference in the entire flow. The ordinary election started in Japan in 1925, thus the Philippines got started earlier. Also this act allowed the Philippines to send a two-member delegation to the United States Congress.

Would Americans enthusiastically continue investing to a place where it will soon to be a separate nation? The American investment in the Philippines has decreased drastically around this time. On the contrary, Japanese investment in Korea had a goal of one day becoming one nation, and that has built a basis for the modern nation of Korea as we see today.

In 1919, inspired by Wilson’s self-determination of people, an immense anti-government movement called the 3.1 movement took place in Korea. Governor-general Makoto Saito who was in charge to settle the matter took more generous policy than his predecessor, and executed a large scale modification in the local government system twice in 1920 and in 1930. However it was far from that of the Philippines; there was no establishment of Korean parliament nor Korean participation in the national politics.

The Philippines, by the Tyding-MacDuffy act of 1934, was assured its independence by 1946, and the commonwealth was inaugurated. The American representative had transferred from governor-general to high commissioner who had a right to veto, and the local politics was entrusted to the Filipino government. Quezon won the presidential election, and elected to be the first president. This independence was in response to the demand of the Filipinos but there also was a strong demand from the Americans, as well. The world was in a great depression. Importing tariff-free, and unlimited sugar and coconut oil into the United States was a great blow to the farmers in the United States and those who invested in Cuba. Also the workers who lost their jobs to the Filipino immigrants demanded to cut off the Philippines.

However, Kazushige Ugaki, who was appointed as the governor-general of Korea in 1931, protected the profit of Korean farmers by refusing the demand from the ministry of agriculture and forestry, that wanted to stop the Korean rice from being exported to Japan. He simultaneously started a movement to stimulate agriculture, and using the incentive wages for gold mines as a trigger to start an industrial revolution in Korea and has built the fundamentals of the contemporary development in Korea. Korean mass media, from this time onward, praised Japan and became the choir for the unification of Japan and Korea.

As seen here, the Filipino politics has gradually been entrusted to the hands of the Filipinos but they were not allowed to participate in the American politics. On the other hand in Korea, the suffrage was not allowed to the residents in Korea, including the Japanese but to those who lived in Japan were allowed to participate in politics, both Koreans and Japanese alike. In 1932, Pak Yong Hyo was nominated into the House of Lords, and in 1932 and 1937, Park Shung Kong was elected twice into the House of Commons from the Tokyo district. Moreover seven Koreans were nominated into the House of Lords in 1945 and eighteen seats were given in the House of Commons from Korea in the next general election - though this never crystallized because the war ended prior.

At the begining of anexation of Korea, Japan was negative that Koreans participate in politics, but turned graduallyly to admit.

Land and Agricultural Policy
What concerns us the most in colonial rules is the exploitation of the land by the farmers of the suzerain state. In this issue, the United States prohibited even the Americans from owning a huge amount of land. However, the ownership of up to 1024 hectares of land was allowed - such ownership would be considered landlord in Japan. However it was too small to maintain the irrigation system and manage a large farm in a rational manner. Therefore those in sugar business chose to purchase from or invest in those farms run by the Filipinos rather than running their own farms.

Also, those U.S. soldiers who settled in Mindanao, an uncivilized island (the idea was advocated by Wood, who at the time was a commander of the army and later became the governor-general), were not ale to procure labor as smoothly as they wanted to, and withdrew gradually from the island and by 1914, they pulled out of the island almost completely.

Therefore the trouble between the natives and agricultural immigrants was small in numbers. On the same token only a small advancement in the agricultural technology was seen and the amount of rice obtained per acre was about a half of that of Taiwan and Korea. Also, even though the climate was temperate for growing two crops a year, the ratio between the first season and the second season remained less than ten percent. On the comparison, the rice fields throughout Taiwan almost always raised two crops a year and often raised three a year.

In Taiwan, a large irrigation system of Ka-nan-tai-shu was built and changed a large area between Taichung and Tainan into a large producting district of rice. This huge irrigation which is immune to flood, connects Ri-yue-tan, a natural lake, of north and Shanhu-tan, a man-made lake, of south, with network of aqueducts. The aqueducts altogether extend up to 6800 km, longer than the radius of the earth. Even in Korea, as part of the plan to increase the amount of rice, they invested in land reclamation of the Yellow Sea and invested largely in the maintenance of the irrigation system. There was no large scale infrastructure maintenance such as these in the Philippines.

In Taiwan, Japanese immigrants settled in the uncivilized land on the east coast and there was almost no friction with the natives.

On the other hand, a positive immigration to Korea was planned since it is closer to Japan, its climate being similar to that of Japan. And the Korean agricultural industry was immature, so there was a lot of room for further development. Japanese government negotiated with the Korean royalty to provide them with the land, establish joint enterprize,Toyo Takushoku Corporation in 1908 and solicited immigrants from Japan. Also in the private sector, there was a large number of those who purchased land and migrate into Korea. Duke Hosokawa, ancestor of the former prime minister Hosokawa, was one of them.

What proves to be a failure was the research on land. Research on land means to make clear an area of land, an owner, the use situation, and to impose fair tax, and to make an appropriate use plan. Then the courts passed a judgment over the pending land between Korean royalty and the farmers as the land owned by the Korean royalty. Then Korean royalty had disposed to the Japanese farmers. These things caused friction between the Japanese and the Korean farmers, and bred hatred among them; it also was one of the factors that led to the 3.1 movement. Also on the Korean history textbooks it says that Japan exploited more than forty percent of the arable land by the land research but this is clearly wrong; it was merely about three percent. Govenor-general Terauchi came to realize the problems with these exploitation in 1913, and asked for renouncement over reception of land from the Korean farmers. By this, it brought an end to the immigration of Japanese farmers. In the peak-era, the Japanese farmers numbers to be 10,000 and owned 250,000 hectares of land, counting to be six percent of all Korea.


Maintenance of the Infrastructure
What is obvious by looking at the maps of Korea and the Philippines is that the railroads run all across Korea whereas in the Philippines there is one line each in the Luzon and Panai islands. Taft, the first governor-general, restored the railroad construction of Luzon. In 1907, the railroad construction also began in Panay and Sebu but one in Sebu went bankrupt in 1937 and was discontinued.

The Philippines got motorized early on. Therefore highways were got ready but peripheral roads have been badly preserved, the continued length based on the area is only one half of Korea, and about equal based on the population. It has to be noted that transportation in general, including railroad and ship, were a lot behind than Korea and Taiwan.

Korea has gone through a magnificent electric development, centered around the Yaliu jiang river in the 1930’s. It equated to TVA, one of the major projects under Roosevelt’s New Deal policy in scale and created a basis for the industrial revolution of Korea. For details, please refer to: ”The reasons for the post-war development of Korea” in this HP. However the electricity in Korea was mainly for the industrial use and the household use was ten years behind of Taiwan. In 1943 the prevalence of electricity for the household use was fifteen to sixteen percent, exceeding the percentage for the Philippines, which was nine percent. However the electricity infrastructure of Korea was partial to the northern part, and furthermore these equipment was destroyed due to the Korean war. The situation surrounding the use of electricity in both Philippines and Korea in the year of 1955 is close to equal.


Industrial Development
The Filipino industry was limited to agricultural products such as sugar, coconut oil, manila hemp and cigarettes; the two cement plants were the only modernized industry. Those cement plants produced only 170,000 tons together in 1939. On the other hand, Korea had four cement plants, producing 560,000 tons in 1936.

The sugar plants in the Philippines were limited to its primary production stages. On the contrary in Taiwan, they were successful in the integrated production of white sugar.

Since the United States took over the ownership of the Philippines, a lot of gold mines were discovered and had become an important industry of the Philippines. The country was also abundant in iron, bronze and chrome but they did not have enough technology to refine them to be final products.

Taiwan and Korea in the 1930’s have experienced a rapid development of their industry, making the basis for the today’s progress in both nations. Why was there no such industrial development in the Philippines? One has to do with the desire to invest among the Americans and the other has to do with the desire to invest among the Filipinos.

First of all, the problem on the American side has to do with localized politics of the Philippines after 1913 and the Jones act of 1916 which determined Filipino independence. Feeling insecure about the near future, many American investors withdrew from the Philippines by the late 1920’s. The other factor might be that the common notion of contempt toward the natives among the white people that the natives cannot acquire high skill technology.

The problem on the Filipino side was lack of fund and strong will. Japan recovered the lack of fund by an extremely desire and wisdom and has established themselves to be a member of the leading nations after the Meiji Restoration. Who comes next is the Taiwanese capitalists. They developed steadily after the war benefiting from Japanese help.


Anti-government movement

In Korea, there was a large scale uprising called the 3.1 movement in 1919. The largest reason for this rebellion was their nationalism stimulated by Wilson’s self-determination of people. The second largest factor was the holdup of the freedom of speech and assembly by the governors-general Terauchi and Hasegawa. The third factor was a failure of Governor-general Terauchi’s policy over land. As a solution, Governor-general Saito eased the minds of the people by the two-time land reform. Two governors-general Ugaki and Minami brought a trend of unifying Japan and Korean by enlarging their income through agricultural improvement and industrial revolution. However, Minami’s over-gone unification policy invited a repulsion by the Koreans.

In Taiwan there was a large scale uprising called the Wushe incident by Takasagos, uncivilized and ferocios tribe, in October of 1930. It became a case to sent airplanes to surpress in steep mountainous district.
The dead persons of the government side reached 52 including local tribe, and the dead persons of rebel tribe were more than 800. It is said that the roots of incident were heavy labors for construction work such as a road, a bridge, a waterway, and old grudge for the subjugation. However, by the later wise administration, Takasagos participated in the Japanese army in the Pacific Wars positively and contributed very much.


On the other hand in the Philippines, there was no large rebellion after the suppression of Aguinaldo’s independence movement for a long time. But in May of 1935 there was a large scale uprising by the Sacudar party in the three states of Laguna, Burakan, and Cabite . It is said that Begunino Ramos, the leader of the Sacudar party, organized his party in protest to the American racism. 3500 participated in this riot, and 53 were killed.


Issues of uncivilized people
One of the important issues in the Philippines is the issue of the Moros. They are Muslims living in the Mindanao island and the Sulu islands and did not subjugate to the Spanish rule for a long time. It took the Spaniards till 1887 to almost repress them all. Even when the administration transferred to the United States, they were out of control till Governor Carpenter’s diplomatic abilities worked well in 1913. The Filipino congress, reformed by the Jones act of 1916, allowed the delegation of two to the senate and nine to the house of representatives from the Moros. Through these public policies, they were able to keep their peace throughout the time the Americans ruled the Philippines. However, after the independence, the conflicts have risen again and again.

The Moros in the beginning of the American rule, were similar to the Takasagos of Taiwan, who were also uncivilized and fierce headhunters. Christians and Muslims are both monotheists, and has a lot of incompatibilities in spite of common origins, and there are conflicts between these two religions all over the world.

The Japanese subjugation of the Takasagos started with a five-years plan in 1909. Up until then, the administrative plan was to keep the Takasagos in the mountains and separate them from the Hans, reducing the chances of contact. Governor-general Sakuma who was appointed in 1906 was concerned of the fact that the headhunters were still wild in their areas, was determined to squash them, and led subjugation despite his old age (near seventy). He was injured from falling from the cliff in a battle of the Taloko valley, now a major tourist point in Taiwan.

What was wonderful about was the policy it took afterwards. They had policemen live among the Takasagos in the trackless mountains with the families, and had them teach reading, writing, cultivation of vegetables and other agricultural crops and tailoring. Some fell as the victims of headhunting. It brew a sense of togetherness by going through these hardships together. It is said that their common language was Japanese long after the war.

We do not hear about the organized anti-government movement by the Takasagos in Taiwan after 1930’s Wushe incident. What was the difference between them and the Moros? First, it was the abundance Taiwan had. When life gets hard, ethnics become scapegoats and often leads to anti-government movement. Second, it must have been the devoted effort made by the Japanese policemen. It was great that Takasagos changed their customs and they have learned the virtues of civilization through the effort of the policemen.


Conclusion
What I feel strongly about when I compare the two colonial policies of the United States and Japan, is the noninterference policy of the United States and the interference policy of Japan. The United States was zealous about the administration of the Philippines in the beginning, but as Wilson got elected president, rapidly shifted the weight of the self-rule to the Filipinos, determined the future independence of 1946 in 1934, and let the Filipinos plan their own policies. There was no backing up in funding nor government. After the autonomous body was established, some of the tariffs such as commodity tax on coconut oil, taxation caused due to the fact that the Philippines were American colonies, were paid back to the Philippines.

Such policy making satisfied the Filipino self-esteem and there really was only a few anti-government movement. However on the other hand, it reduced the desire to invest in the Philippines among the Americans and being one of the reasons why the Filipino economy is stagnated, compared to Korea and Taiwan.

On the contrary, Japan planned to improve the living standards of the natives, and made the assimilation a goal. At the time of the annexation, Japan made a great financial assistance, and contributed to the maintenance of infrastructure, and industry. There were problems with human rights in the beginning of the annexation but these were improved after the 3.1 movement. Because Japan considered Korea as a part of the same country, the investment was stimulated and built the basis for today’s development.

The United States made a contribution to the education of the Philippines but there was a problem with the idea of what education should be and being a part of the reason for the contemporary Filipino stagnation.

I can say in a word, the Philippines were brought up being indulged and were thrown out before grownup,
on the other hand, Japan is criticized in various ways because of too severe, but brought up Taiwan and Korea into a qualified country.

　
Res.64 by 無回答 from トロント　2004/10/22 17:12:57

新手の荒らし？
全部英語ならカナダの掲示板に書いてあげれば？　全部コピーだろうけど暇な奴いるね。 　
Res.65 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:30:42

意味不明な能書きばかりたれてるな。
頭悪くて日本語で読めんというアホがいたから哀れんでやって、わざわざ今度は英語版を出してやってるんだ。
すると今度はカナダ掲示板に書けだ？おまえようするに自分の屁理屈が徹底的に打ち負かされて言い返せないもんだから次々と話をかえて言い逃れしてるのみっともないぞ。
ただおまえのこうした首尾一貫性の無い矛盾丸出しの醜態を見れば､このトピの趣旨がどこまで馬鹿げたとるにたらんほざきに過ぎないということが白昼のもとに明らかにされることになるから、それもまた帰結点としていいだろう。 　
Res.66 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:33:49

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/The_American_governance_of_the_Philippines.html

On the diplomatic negotiations between North Korea and Japan


The above negotiation with North Korea has begun. North Korea is strongly demanding the apology and compensations from Japan for the things that happened in the past. Our view on this matter is as follows.

Japan may have to be in a position on to follow the diplomatic consistency shown by the Japanese Prime Ministers such as Hosokawa and Murayama.

However, North Korea never was our enemy state. It is a state that gained independence from Japan. (Note: Ogihara argue ”North Korea never existed untill 1948 and therefore could not declare war against Japan. It is a state to which independence was given not gained from Japan.) Therefore there is no need for us to pay them in terms of reparation.

Also, we cannot ignore the process of negotiations with South Korea. Based on the details of these negotiations, we may be able to respond to issues regarding the right to demand compensation, or economic corporation, such as unpaid salaries of the employees under the Japanese governance, but we are nolonger held responsible for any reparation. Such monetary aid to North Korea will bring about important effect on the Japanese negotiations with
South Korea.

At the time, South Korea stood on behalf of the entire Korean nation to negotiate on the compensation for the political annexation from Japan. In 1949, the amount that the Korean government submitted to the Allied forces
headquarter as the record of compensation demanded from Japan, in its dollar-yen rate of the day ($1=\15), was 2.1 billion dollars plus all the other things. On the other hand, how much Japan has left on the Korea soil,
although there never is a clear figure due to the existence of many different records, was 4.7 billion dollars, even after subtracting military property and personal assets, according to ”The resources on foreign compensation” submitted by the Research Committee of Foreign Estate. Also, according to the research done by the Allied Forces Control Bureau of Personal Assets, subtracting the military property, there was 3 billion in North and 2.3 billion in South, altogether, 5.3 billion dollars. Therefore, there was more than enough compensation just by leaving all the Japanese assets in Korea.

When India gained its independence from Britain, all the personal assets that British individuals had in India, was returned to them. From that example, Japan claimed that the personal assets amounting to 600 to 800 million dollars had belonged to Japan. On the other hand, in 1961, when South Korea claimed as their concrete demanding rights, including stocks, currencies and unpaid salaries to the employees of the Japanese government,
the total amounted came to be 400 million dollars, and 360 million within it were compensated to those employees. Japanese personal assets that were forced to give up were more than enough reparation.

From the above reasons, Japan did not feel any need to pay for any damages in Korea at all. Thus, Japan paid money under the name of economic assistance, based on what was decided in the Treaty on Basic Relations
between Japan and The repubric of Korea. Also Korea demanded quite a large sum of dollars as part of their reparation rights, but they have only paid 16 million dollars altogether to their individuals.
In short, even when Korea claims personal damages and etc, it never surpasses the few percent of the whole. They should compare the amount to how much Japan has left in Korea.

To our surprise, in comparison with Germany, there is a voice that Japan should compensate for the individuals. After the treaty was signed, how much the Korean government paid for those individuals whose family members
had fallen in World War II (serving as Japanese soldiers despite the fact they were Koreans) was only 300,000 won per person (US $530) but this equates to the amount paid by the Korean government to Korean soldiers who died in the Korean and Vietnam wars. If the amount several times than this was paid by Japanese goverment, what would have happen to the standpoint of the Korean government? What would the families of those fallen solders who died in the Korean and Vietnam wars have thought? All things considered, we cannot
lightly agree to the opinion of: ”Personal reparations, not national compensation.”

We should emphasize here that Korea is not a winner of World War II, but a state that gained independence from Japan. Other Western states, whose positions are similiar to that of Japan, have never apologized nor compensated to their former colonies, moreover they have received reparations for their personal assets
left on the soils of former colonies. Also German reparations for individuals are just for the vicitims of Holocaust, and negotiation for compensations for damages done during World War II has just begun.

Also when the negotiation went awry with the famous comment of: ”Japan did something good, too” made by Kubota in 1953, the overwhelming Japanese public supported him. Even the leftist Asahi Shimbun published an article titled: ”Korea has said too much.” Magazine ”Sekai” have not picked up this issue. Even the Diet has unanimously passed a resolution asking the Korean government to turn down the anti-Japan statement. I personally believe that there is no need to apologize to Korea, north or south alike. What sort of damages has there been, concretely, by Japan governing Korea?

There is an argument that Japan pillaged the land properties in Korea. When Japan annexed Korea, the dispute between the Korean government and the Korean people over the posession of what used to be publicly-owned land had been going on．Japan adopted the claim of the Korean government and the ownership returned to the government. Later on, a portion of the land was sold to Japanese. The Korean textbooks preach that Japan debauched 40% of the arable land, but in reality, it was only 3 to 4%, which is one digit less.

It is said that Japan forcefully changed their surnames．But the Korean custom of those with same surnames unable to marry, was not altered at this time based on the Japanese law. (Note: In Korea, it is traditionally taboo
to perform an intermarriage beteen the same family lines having inheritical same surname, and derived from the same home-land.) There is no way to check whether people with different surnames married or not if the surname was erased in the registration and they altered their surnames. Japan ordered to make the familie’s name in addition to the surname, and these namems could be same or another. The fact that Japan offered an alternative to Korean names, but there was no duress, is evident by the fact that there were several Korean governors who kept their last names. How can there be duress when in fact the governors themselves did not change their last names?

One talks of brutality in the 3.1 incident, but how would one explain the fact that some of the leaders in this incident have turned into a group of pro-Japan Koreans? We will touch these issues soon

　
Res.67 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:38:09

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/japan%20ruied.html

1: Civil rights in Korea: who climbed the social ladder?

When Japan annexed Korea in 1910, Japan admitted Korean royals as members of the Japanese imperial family. Those who had contributed to the annexation were integrated into the nobility, and were given appropriate titles. I Wangyong, the last Korean prime minister, was given the title of the Count (later Duke). Seventy-five other Koreans were titled from Count to Baron. At the same time, seven Japanese and six Koreans were each appointed to be state governors of Korea’s thirteen states. In 1924, a Korean was commissioned to be the Director of Education of the Government General in Souel.

What surprises us here are Hong Sayang, who was Lieutenant General of Japanese Imperial Army, and Park Sungkong, a member of House of Representatives in Tokyo. A seat in the House of Representatives was an elective post. Park Sungkong was elected twice from his district in Tokyo. This is concrete evidence that there was no discrimination just because one was a Korean. Male residents of Korea, whether Korean or Japanese, had no voting rights nor eligibility for parliamentary office. Reversely, male residents of the Japanese mainland, whether Korean or Japanese, had both voting rights and the rights to participate in national politics. In 1945, the election law was amended and eighteen seats to be elected from Korea were allotted for the next election, but the plan never crystallized due to Japan’s defeat in World War 2. For the House of Peers, several Koreans were appointed, beginning with Park Yong Hyo in 1932.

Thus, war propaganda generated the false image that Koreans were treated like slaves. In addition, we proudly point out that Japan produced Korean officers who had command over the Japanese soldiers. Yes, Britain, France, The United States and the Netherland respectively produced Indian, Vietnamese, Filipino and Indonesian officers. But were any of those colonized country’s officers actually permitted to command the native rank-and-file of colonial masters?

2: Rice export to Japan and Famine in Korea

The current nationally-designated textbook for Korean high schools shows a table of rice production in Korea and rice export to Japan. The textbook makes the accusation that ”Koreans were unable to eat rice due to exploitation of rice export to Japan, the increase in the amount of which far exceeded the increase in Korean domestic rice production”.


Korean rice production and rice exports to Japan(unit: one thousand Koku, 1Koku≒180 littles)



year 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1933
quantity of production 12,700 14,320 15,170 14,970 17,300 13,700 15,900 16,300
quantity of export 1850 3,400 4,750 5,440 7,420 5,400 7,600 8,700


The figuares are true, and it is also true that Korean farmers suffered much in living. However it should also be noted that farmers in the northern part of Japan had an equally hard time as their counterparts in Korea.

At this time, rice was under a freely traded commodity, and there was no governmental control over its trade.


The late 1920’s is infamous for world economic depression. From 1925 to 1931, the price of rice dropped down to one third in Japan. The Ministry of Farming and Forestry proclaimed that this drop in rice prices was due to the vast imports of Korean rice, and that the rice imports from Korea and Taiwan should be barred in order to protect the Japanese farmers. The Korean Government General demanded, with the back-up of the Japanese Imperial Army, that Korean farmers should be protected, since they gained income from rice export to Japan, and managed to bar Japan’s import control efforts. Tadaatsu Ishiguro, the Vice minister of the Ministry of Farming and Forestry resigned, to protest against interference by the Korean Government General.


In other words, in the early 1920’s Japan was short of rice and there was a social disorder resulted from the rice shortage. She was therefor eager to import from Korea and Taiwan. However by late 1920’s, the infrastructure for mass-production of rice was completed in all three areas, and both Japanese and Korean people faced excess in rice production. Unfortunately, Korea had no cash produce for export except rice, with which to buy living necessities.


Around the same time, the United States encountered the trade conflict with the Philippines regarding the import of sugar and palm oil, coupled with the labor dispute against the US labor unions regarding the immense Filipino immigrants. In 1935, the US Government approved the local governed for the Philippines to determine political independence from the United States ten years later. The United States then substituted its Supreme
Governor with High Commissioner who possessed the veto right. It looks as the Philippines obtained its substantial independence, when in reality the United States actually forsook the Philippines. It is said in Japan that a certain number of the Japanese Diet representatives expressed an opinion to cut of Korea, similar to what the United States did to the Philippines.

In summary, the United States treated the Philippines as their colony and therefore gave Filipinos a local government and finally independence, with the strict interpretation that the people of the United States were different from those of the Philippines and so was the relationship between the two countries. On the contrary, Japan annexed Korea to blend into one country and governed thus. This clear apprehension of difference created the vast amount of Japanese investment in Korea to accelerate the industrialization.

Concretely, Japan initiated, with an ample subsidy brought from the Mainland Japan, land reclamation in the Yellow Sea (So-he in Korean), farming exploration in the difficult areas, irrigation scale-up. Such development plan, however, did not proceed as planned in the kick-off stage because of the economic inflation and the budget shortage. Since then, the newly modified plan was smoothly promoted in 1925 but encountered with the economic deflation, making many number of their irrigation unions bankrupted and Koreans denouncing Japanese policy. Japan had to select and divide those unions into two categories with the one to dissolve and the other to relieve by abandoning or reducing the interest of the fund borrowed by them. Those farmers who could not overcome this critical situation lost their own land but those farmers who were able to pass this hard tide caught the great deal of wealthy to return. The Korean population increased double because of the hygienic improvement under the Japanese ruling, whose expansion surpassed the growth speed of farming land exploration and inevitably let Korean flow into Japan and Manchuria.

3: The Lies of Forced Labor

In 1939 when the undeclared Sino-Japanese war broke out, the compulsory labor to the military factories had begun, while in Korea the labor force was richly available so that the second and third sons of the Korean peasant families were unemployed due to their natural population increase, trying to get the jobs in the mainland Japan. They were, however, restricted to move there because of the reason that their immigration to Japan would inevitably deprive jobs from Japanese laborers. The private firms in the mainland Japan were also prohibited to recruit those Korean workers. Thus, in the year of 1939, such restriction was abandoned and the
Japanese enterprises could recruit those Korean youths.

In 1942 when the demand for labor increased, the national job-introduction system was materialized, which was said substantially the compulsory job-ration system. But from the legal point of view, it was only the job-introduction system where the unemployed could apply for the jobs at their free wills with no penalty for their sabotage or run-away from the works as long as its monetary compensation was settled. It was in 1944 when World War 2 was getting over that the job rationing system for Korean young men was carried out while Japanese youths were forced to join the Imperial military forces. Generally speaking, these two types of labor, the national job-introduction and the job-rationing systems were called the forced labor system, but the reality at that time was that those Korean young men were ordered to report to the municipal offices and guided in groups to the working places by the municipal officials just like the Japanese young men were ordered to report to join the army and the navy. Those Koreans were never hand-cuffed nor kidnapped to the laboring sites. The exploitation at the mines and the civil construction work was not mechanized at that time, requiring tremendous volume of human powers with such sweat and agony as was unforgettably raged by the Koreans.

In this regard, the dispute of the unpaid per-diem to those Korean laborers has been an social controversy for
long time, the cause of which was that those Koreans left their duty places without the official permission and went home back to their home land. Hence, the firms who employed them have deposited the their wages to the
Japanese law-Agency pursuant to the guidance by the Ministry of Welfare. At the time when the Basic Treaty between South Korea and Japan was executed, the amount of such wages was paid to the Japanese Treasury and then became a part of the Economy Fund to the South Korean Government. The Issue of the Korean comfort women will be discussed later. In the mean time, we suggest the readers to ABC of Modern Japanese History for your reference.

4: Enthusiastic Korean volunteers to become Japanese soldiers.

At the break of the Sino-Japanese military conflict in 1937, the Japanese army troops rushed to the war-front by trains through the Korean Peninsula, en route, the Japanese soldiers were welcomed with hearty hails by both Japanese and Koreans alike, together with gratuity presents. Each station en route was, in many nights thundered with cheerful hails by the clouds, where the Korean civilians accompanying the military trains as an
interpreter were seen off by their family members with tears and laughing.

At that time, Major Kim Sakwong (He is Korean) of the Japanese Imperial Army completely destroyed the Chinese division by commanding one regiment of one thousand Japanese soldiers, and was awarded with the gold medal of third grade, as the first instance of the Korean officer, which was rarely conferred to any alive soldier. This victory was reported in giant head-lined throughout Korea and later published in books with titles of ”Diary of Maj. Kim” and ”Brave stories in the War-Front” It was almost like a dream for many Koreans that a native Korean became an officer of the Japanese Imperial Army and attacked the Chinese army, leading Japanese soldiers. People cheered and waved the flags for the Japanese troops sent for China and the success story of Maj. Kim, wound up the Koreans ethos to acquire pride and confidence, generating the inter-fraternity between the Japanese and the Korean. Tibon Yung, Nationalist and Choi Lim, Leader of Korean Christianity performed a war-victory ceremony at Choson Shrine to surprise the high officials of the Korea High Commission.

Under the circumstances, over three thousand Korean youths applied for the recruiting test performed in 1938 to volunteer for the Japanese Imperial Army, whereas the limit was four hundred. The number of the Korean
applicants increased year by year to reach, in 1942, sixty-two times more than the limit. At last, the number of such applicants in 1943 marked 300,000 Koreans in total to cover the majority of the Korean young men in
eighteen to twenty-two years old, out of the total Korean population of 2,4000,000. This is an unbelievable truth to both Korean and Japanese youths of today.

Kyoung Nok Choi, former Korean ambassador to Japan, was one of the volunteers. Even though he was admitted to the Japanese Imperial Army Academy, he left for the New Guinea front together with the regiment to which he belonged, saying ”I fear I may lose the chance to serve the Country if I stayed in school too long.” There is no doubt that there were a certain number of Koreans who was not willing to serve for Japan, nevertheless, there were also a great number of Koreans who volunteered for the Japanese military. Thus, the military service obligation for the Korean males became compulsory in 1944. To draft Korean nationals, it is impossible unless to trust their loyalty; in their anti-Japanese mood, one must wonder which ways their guns will be pointed.

The Korean leaders agitated their young men to rise for Japan. For your reference, we quote the speech by Yoeng Han Jue (later became a Diet member of South Korea) titled ”Answer me, Roosevelt”: Mr. Roosevelt, a pyromaniac in the world wearing fake-mask of justice and working for intrigue and exploitation, you always open your mouth by advocating Justice and human rights. Do you remember what you have done? When Japan insisted imposing, at the Peace Treaty Conference held at Paris after World War I, the abandon of the racial prejudice for the Oriental and Negro people. Who were and what countries were against Japan’s motion and turned down the same. Who did or what countries did discriminate Orient people and Negroes and let them sit at different seat? Now, your luck is gone. As well as the Japanese of 100 million people, we Korean of 2.4 million will vow to be a brave soldier for the sacred war of Great Asia.” The Korean leaders appealed for Korean young men unitedly such Apartheid.


5: Financial Assistance by Japan to Korea.

The Korean national budget in 1911 just after the Korean annexation by Japan, was \ 52 million yen in revenue, containing the Japanese subsidy 12 million yen and the public loan 10 million yen revealing that the Korean Economy would have bankrupted without such financial token from Japan. The ratio of these Japanese aids decreased year by year but it existed until 1945. The total volume of the Japanese assets left in Korea when Japan lost war, was measured in many ways and certified. On the other hand, The General Head Quarter of the allied nations calculated such assets to be worth 5,200 million dollars (then worth \ 79 billion yen at 15 yen/dollar). It’s value of this time is 80 trillion yen, conversion by ratio of national budget.

The personal income tax system was introduced in 1934, which taxation ratio was one half of the Japanese then ratio, for its spread taxation ratio was decreased to be less percentage. The liquor tax was less than that of Mainland Japan. These facts makes us believe that no economical exploitation was ever performed in Korea under the Japanese governance.


　
Res.68 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:40:25

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/japan%20ruied.html

6: Labor exploitation sustained

In Marxist economics, the capitalists exploit the laborers who were compelled to work hard, and severely did so in the colonized nations; this thesis has become a common sense among the Japanese left-wings. The labor statistics reveal that the wage rate of Korean workers was between 50% to 70% of its Japanese counterparts, or 50% to 60% in 1910’s and in 1930’s when Japan was in depression, by 60% to 70% in 1920’s and end of 1930’s when it was in high time. These wage increase trend for Korean laborers did not fall thereafter.

However, it is denounced as exploitation, due to the fact that the wages were lower than Japan, without considering the difference of the productivity then prevailing between Japan and Korea. The statistics in the coal mine shows that the Japanese production volume per man was 160 MT whereas the Korean
output was 100 MT only, to have met with the wage spread in between. How do they criticize the current status of Korean companies which have invested in South Asia? Their aim was to utilize the cheap labor cost paid to such regional people by the Korean labor-intensive Industries. Do they criticize this phenomenon as an economic exploitation? No, Never. Why not? Contrary to the above fact, These Asian nations have welcomed foreign investments, instead of denouncing as such, viewing that such investment would surely take-off their national economy; so was the Japanese investment into Korea. What is on earth difference between the Korean capitals landing to the south undeveloped countries after World War II and the Japanese capitals landing to Korea before World War II?

To our surprise, the same amount of salaries was paid not only to the commissioned high officials of Japanese but also to those of Korean natives. That is to say, the salary table was the same with no racial discrimination. Needless to say, the special pay-incentives for overseas service was promised for the Japanese officials as seen in the current business and diplomatic world including such incentives. The volume of such incentives was so intensive to mark fifty percent up against its rate-salary, that the bright and competent officials should be recruited for the overseas services of Korea where the living standards were quite different and far behind from Japan. In 1944 and onwards, the salary system was improved to witness that the Korean officials received the same incentives paid to the Japanese officials in his Korean service. In other words, Korean officials working in Korea received the salary and incentives but Japanese officials working in Japan received only salary not incentives. Without Japan, what other country, or what other white races belonging to the Western Powers, has ever committed and performed Such equal and non-discriminating policy?


7.Conclusion: Japanese exploitation was an illusion.

There are many people who simply think that Japan exploited Korea so much, basing on the various kinds of media who wrongly and mistakenly reported. Those media holler that Japan robbed the minerals and lumbers from Korea; these materials are valueless as long as being left unexplored and lumbers are reproductive.

Nowadays, the underdeveloped countries have invited the industrial investment from the developed countries like G-Seven giants with their financial aid and technical know-how. Nobody of those developing nations ever cites that those economic giants are exploiting them of anything. Is there any diversity or difference between these economical actions and the Japanese enterprising at Korea after the annexation instead of colonization? The Japanese firms invested the money and introduced their technology to Korea, and re-invested their profits again without transferring their net proceedings back to Japan. They taught and cultivated those Korean man-powers who could operate the Korean factories and manage to run the firms after the Korean War, regardless the public sectors or private.

The GDP of South Korea until 1960 could not catch up with that of Japan, and the economical gap in GDP between the two countries was actually enlarged in reverse. This fact proves that Japan did not exploit Korea, and that the Japanese exploitation over Korea was an illusion. The Korean industrial revolution initiated by Governor-General Kazushige Ugaki, commenced smoothly with the regular economic growth in 1930 years until 1941, during the period which the spirit between the Japanese and Koreans greatly homogenized.

Im Choi, one of the 3.1 anti-Japan movement leaders proclaimed on the Mei-Il newspaper on December 10, 1941, two days after Japan raided on Pearl Harbor: ”How long did we wait for this day.------- we have produced our surname, volunteered to be one of the Imperial soldiers, and become Imperial nationals. From now on, we will have to train ourselves physically and play the role of a shield with our all might”. Such slogan was energetically publicized in the propaganda ”Knock out America and Britain” and Korea was never under the enslaved condition.

　
Res.69 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:43:00

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/post-war%20development.html

1. President Park Chung Hee and economic development of South Korea

Although it is hard to believe now, when Park Chung Hee took the helm of South Korea in 1961, its standard of living was lower than that of North Korea and the Philippines. The transition of GNP per person is shown in the table 1. It is after 1965 that we see economic development in South Korea. It is evident that the growth of South Korea is a result by which Korean made an effort strenuously.


Table 1 The transition of GNP per person Unit $


　 1958 1965 1970 1975 1980
Japan 320 760 1920 4450 9020
South Korea 121 120 250 560 1450
North Korea 　 190 330 450 　
Philippin 198 150 210 380 710



　 1965 was a year when South Korea entered into the war in Vietnam, and also the year of signing the treaty with Japan. Because of the emergent demand from Vietnam, The South Korean economy had progressed greatly.
However, why did not the Filipino economy show similar progress? The Philippines were under the governance of the United States, and was closer to Vietnam than South Korea. The emergency demand to Philippine must be larger than that to South Korea. However the Philippines was not able to catch up with the time. The reason was in the difference of potential ability (ex, undeveloped industry, incomplete infrastructure　and defect of educations) between the Philippines and South Korea at that time, but also the difference of colonial policy between Japan and the United States. I shall contend these reasons at following thesis.

At the same year of participation in the Vietnam war, South Korea signed the treaty with Japan. Not only the capital of compensation flowed into the country, but the private capital also flowed into South Korea suddenly. In those days Japanese economy was blooming, and the wage for labor was increasing rapidly. It is natural the Japanese enterprises branched in South Korea, because of proximity, prevalence of education, familiarity with the Japanese language, and lower cost of labor. Exactly by inflow of capitals and wisdom, the economy of South Korea progressed rapidly.

Then stagnation of agriculture became significant. In 1970, President Park started promotion movement of farm village named ”Semaul Movement,”it meant new farm movement. Its motto was self-standing, diligence and corporation. Under this motto, road repairing, improvement of roof and construction of warehouses have gone ahead actively by the group work of farmers. The movement spread into the cities, and combined with movement of higher productivity, it contributed to the progress of industry. Indeed the development of South Korea is a result by which the South Koreans made an effort desperately.
But this success of President Park was very similar to following governor-general Ukaki’s governance.


2.The Condition of the time when Ukaki was appointed as governor-general of Korea.

When Kazushige Ukaki was appointed as the governor-general of Korea in June of 1931, it was known to be one of the worst eras of worldwide agricultural depression. The prices of agricultural products have dropped drastically. Rice, which was representative agricultural commodity, has dropped its price down to one-third of the price set in 1919. It translates to the income of the rice farmers decreased down to one-third. In order to maintain rice fields, there are necessary expenses other than food such as clothing, agricultural tools, fertilizer and ceremonial occasions. If a farming house was to base their loan on the income from a subsequent year, it was obvious that these farmers would run into debt. The 1930’s was an era when harmful effects of free economy have manifested.

To devise a countermeasure, higher tariff was imposed worldwide to prevent imports. The United States and Australia prohibitted immigration from Asia. Planned economy became the order of the day in Germany and Italy as Hitler and Mussolini gained power.

In Northeastern Japan, not only the farmers but the city officials were also hard hit by this depression; there often was none or late delivery of their salaries. Farmers have often sold rice for their own use to the market that caused further price dropping. Their daughters were sold to prostitution as they ran out of rice. In September of the same year, Manchurian Incident was happened by Japan; one of the reasons was that there was a huge demand to relocate the Japanese farmers, as a measurement to the agricultural depression

Farmers in Korea also had to sell their own rice and ate millet, because of this depression. Japanese Agriculture and Forestry Department has stated in condemnation: ”Unlimited Korean rice being exported to Japan has caused the price of rice to decrease” and demanded to suspend the shipping of rice. However, Korea had nothing else to export, therefore the only way to maintain their living standards was to send expensive rice out to Japan. With the support of the Japanese Army, Korean farmers managed to export their rice to Japan freely.

At the same time, American manufactures of sugar and cooking oil have repulsed against the unlimited import of sugar and palm oil from the Philippines. Labor unions in the United States, who felt threatened by the Filipino laborers immigrating to the mainland US, have also expressed their feeling and it was decided that the Philippines were to gain independence. It was a de facto cut-off. One may wonder, compared to Japan, which policy was more concerned of its people..



3.Agricultural Promotion led by Ukaki

As soon as Ukaki was appointed, he began his inspection tour, and started his agricultural promotion plan. It started slightly earlier than the Japanese counterpart. What he claimed in this movement was the mindset of the people. Also Enkichi Yamazaki, who was invited by Ukaki to direct the movement had principles of ”Spirit of Service, Spirit of Corporation, Spirit of Self Help.” The difference from the Semaul movement is Service has been replaced by Diligence.

The difference between this movement in Korea and that of Japan was that the focus of guidance was at personal level. The government appointed the villages in which suitable leaders lived as the leading villages, and guided each individual to keep an account book . Nearly everybody was illiterate at the time, thus the village officials who were able to read and write, kept these account books instead. They taught these villagers how to read, write and keep simple account books, and also the basic principles of management such as: ”Measure what comes in and reduce what is going out.” It was an utter invasion of privacy, however this was a necessary step to help the almost bankrupted farmers or private companies, however small it might have been.

Adding to this movement, simple schooling system has started in 1934. It aimed to teach those young men who could not afford to go to school, how to read, write and do arithmetic. These schools were scheduled parallel to normal schools; the students were free to come whenever their work was slow and the teachers who taught normal schools also taught these young men who were willing to further their education

The biggest problem facing Korean farmers at the time was short labor hours. They were demanded to work as much as those farmers in Japan, starting with weeding, fertilizing crops, and making fertilizers. For the winter time, production of barley, lotus, rape, were encouraged as well as live stock industry and folk pieces. In order for this movement to be thorough, leagues of young men and women were actively organized. What we have to pay attention here is that these organizations had been downplayed before, because they were believed to become hot-bed of anti-Japan movement, however at this time they were held actively. In the meetings for these leagues, formal discussion of local policies is important but informal speeches and relations among the members are more important. And government cannot overlook them. If the government of the time was dubious or suspicious of such anti-Japan sentiment in these forums, such free and democratic policy must not have been endowed.

Korean women did not work traditionally outdoors, that was one reason of Korean poor. The government has led them to work in their farm between housework and at the same time, these women acquired such skills as bookkeeping, doing away with superstition, cutting down unnecessary expenditure, keeping a side business, in order to benefit their living conditions. As a result, rice production rate calculated based on the area, which was fifty to sixty percent of Japanese production rate, has increased drastically and livestock has also shown remarkable growth; Korean agricultural economy has recuperated

This agricultural promotion movement has continued on even after Ukaki retired and Minami took over the governor-general position. It has changed its character over the years, and it has ceased as a movement when it was incorporated into the Total National Movement in 1941.

A journalist by name of Sawaichiro Kamata, who assisted Ukaki as his brain, had been called back to Korea in the post-war era for the Semaul movement


4. Korean Industrial Revolution

What deserves special attention in pre-war Korea was the development of electricity.
In the early 1920’s, Yutaka Kubota, who made a significant and worldwide contribution to the post-war water-power development as the president of Nippon Koei, visited Korea and bought a mass amount of maps. He has found, from these maps, that there could be a great deal of electricity by turning the direction of the water opposite to drop it on the Sea of Japan. It had a plan of producing 100,000 kW, in an era when Kanidera, the biggest power plant in Japan, produced maximum 45,000 kW.

Even if this was a great plan for new power plant, there would be no use if there is no one to use electricity. Kubota, along with his partner Kazuo Morita, convinced Jun Noguchi, who was a friend to Morita. Noguchi was president to Nippon Chisso, a manufacturer of chemical fertilizer. In this period, chemical fertilizer was the biggest consumer of electricity. With their passion,First Power Plant has started in 1929 at Bujeon Gang(赴戦江）; it produced 130,000 kW. At the same time, a large chemical plant was constructed in Hyeungnam.

The development of Yaru Chiang (鴨緑江) put together by Kubota and Noguchi, and a huge chemical industry had taken off on own process. To show how large of a project this was, we would like to present a table comparing it to the major Japanese power plants, and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a major project for Roosevelt’s New Deal.

This electricity development had triggered the Korean Industrial Revolution.


Table 2 ; Compare Large Power Plant in Korea with those of Japan and TVA


Large Power Plant in Korea Large Power Plant in Japan
Completed at 1945 Completed at 1945
Bujeon Gang No1 130MW Japan Railway Senjuu 120MW
Jangjin Gang No1 144MW Tokou El. Shinano 165MW
Jangjin Gang No2 112MW Chubu El Okuhara 87MW
Heocheon Gang No1 145MW Kansai El Kurobe No3　81MW
Supung 700MW 　
Constructing Post WW2
Unbong(雲峰) 500MW Sakuma 350MW
Euiju（義州) 200MW Kurobe 335MW
　 Shintakase 1280MW
　 Tanokura 380MW
Korea TVA in USA
Generated Power per Year Generated Power per Year
Completed at 1945 11,400 million KWH Water Power 12,200 million KWH
Constructing 7,000 million KWH Thermal Power 4.300 million KWH
　 Military Factory 1.400 million KWH
　 American Aluminium 1.800 million KWH


Along with the development of electricity, the mining industry was another key factor to this industrial growth in Korea.

Governor Ukaki has noticed that there were many gold accessories in traditional Korean art and encouraged gold mining with subsidy. As a result, what were once forsaken gold mines have revived, and as subsidiaries, other mines were also discovered and led to the revival of those mines. It was soon discovered that Korea was not only rich in minerals, but also people started to recognize Korea as a ”specimen room” of the minerals.

As the development of those minerals continued, infrastructure (i.e. roads and electricity) were acquired. Maturity of other technologies necessary in the mining industry, such as ore dressing and refinement, has accelerated, along with manufacturing of cement, machines and services to all these different products.

Manchurian Incident, and establishment of Manchuria in 1931, has brought an economic effect similar to the one that the Vietnam war has brought to Korea in the 1960’s. Korean high school history textbooks condemn the industrial development of this time as: ”The Japanese Empire has planned a major invasion of the Chinese Continent, therefore turned the Korean peninsula into a huge logistics base. In order to carry on this project, power plants and military factories were constructed, mines were developed, heavy industry was introduced to Korea. However all this was a means to continue on with the war for the Japanese Empire, and aimed to enslave and subjugate the economy of the Korean peninsula under the colonial economic system.”

However the first industries that have risen were fertilizer industry, and cement industry, not military factories. Also it should be noted here that because of the development in mechanical and chemical industries, Korea was later able to utilize their technologies in the time of the Vietnam war in the 1960’s.

As seen in the Table 3, increase in agricultural productivity and drastic development in industry which began in the Ukaki era, has caused a remarkable social change. Robberies decreased, the rate of children attending school has increased; all these conditions reflect the improvement in living standard, and the increase of amount in electricity consumption is the driving force in the contemporary development of Korea.


Table 3 The Development of Korea


　 unit 1927 1932 1937 1942
Agriculturer Product milion Yen 86 86 122 　
Industrial Product milion Yen 31 35 87 　
GNP per Person Yen 89.9 78.1 110.7 　
Generated Power Million KWH 　 　 2,698 (4,860)
Percentage of School attendance %
　 17.8
　 18.2
　 30.7
　 49.6
　
Robber Case 1771 1261 727 394


Notes: The data in ( ) is the data of 1941


　
Res.70 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:45:42

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/korea-problem/post-war%20development.html



5. On Education

When in discussing a nation’s economic development, one cannot avoid the issues in education. One fact that intrigues us is that among the non-white ex-colonies, only Korea and Taiwan have become members of the advanced nations today. Needless to mention, they were both governed by Japan in the pre-war period. There may be those who point out that Hong Kong and Singapore are quite advanced, but they are city-states and do not have rural areas, which are usually weak in terms of development, therefore they cannot be discussed at the same level as Taiwan and Korea.

The Philippines, ex-American colony, has remained as an developing nation. The United States started to govern the Philippines in 1898, which is three years after Japan started its governing Taiwan, 12 years before its governing of Korea. It is an interesting question as to how these two nations were the only nations that showed such significant growth, but Philippine who were student of USA could not grow. We would like to compare the differences in policies of Japan and the United States from the educational standpoint. And when we consider the policy of Japan today, it presents very important information.

As the United States governed the Philippines, it recognized education as the mightiest weapon, and began offering free primary education by bringing 700 teachers and a mass amount of textbooks. Lieutenant-Governor has traditionally been appointed as Chief of Education, and encouraged education on the population of the Philippines. As a result, prevalence of the primary education in the Philippines was above that of Korea in the mid-1930’s. We had to wait till the last days of the war to see the Korean rate of children attending school surpassing that of the Philippines.

In higher education (college and university), the start of state-run the University of the Philippines was around the time of annexation of Korea. Even before the commencement of the University of the Philippines, Christian schools, such as St. Thomas, have educated students outnumbering the University of the Philippines. As of 1937, in every one million Filipino people, there were 1,900 students. Although it was far from reaching the rate in Japan, the rate of higher education in the Philippines outnumbered that of Korea by one digit (at the same time Koreans had only 130 school students every one million people). There was a large amount of Korean young students who studied in Japan, however even when counting those students, it was far less than that of the Philippines

On the education of the Philippines, the report submitted during the time of Japanese occupation of the Philippines by the Committee of the Research of the Philippines, states that on primary education: ”The rate of children attending school shortly before the Great East Asian War has reached 84.7% (In comparison, the same rate in Korea is 43%). However the school children range from age five to age eighteen, and the rate plummets only to about 20%. In 1940, 1% of the first grade pupils were already fourteen years of age.

Weakness of staff is also a problem; majority of them have only completed 12th grade, or dropped out of high school.” It also points out how many pupils of primary schools were drop-outs.

Regarding secondary education: ”66% of the students are wishing to advance onto higher level of school to train whitecollors.” As an example of vocational education raised here is: ”Majority of the students at the Philippines Technical School are major in auto repairing, radio repairing, and machine operating. They have not stepped out of the boundaries of training factory workers.”

On higher education: ”One of the failures that needs to be mentioned is that it stimulated unhealthy admiration toward white collar profession. It is regretful that technical education was ignored in lieu of so-called liberal arts, such as law, literature and religion.”

As seen from Japan, the report points out that technical education has been treated lightly, especially the logical aspect that would make the basis for the future, has been neglected.

However, I believe that the root of the problems in the contemporary Philippines, yet economically struggling, is within the idea of what an education in the Philippines ought to be. This equates to the discussion of the difference between American education and pre-war Japanese education, and one can link the discussion to the problems manifesting in the contemporary Japan.

The first point is private versus public. Japanese prioritize the public, whereas Americans prioritize the private. Korea, coming from their long Confucian tradition, has valued also the notion of private before Japanese governance.

The second point is the idea of self-correction; Japanese educators in their colonies have inserted the spirit of independence. I believe this has worked as a dynamite to the success seen in post-war Taiwan and Korea. I feel the lack of such self-sustaining idea in the developing nations

The third point is the spirit of diligence. Cleaning up the school is the duty of school children since elementary school in Japan. Both children of wealthy families and poor families learned to work together. Now at factories in Japan, both college graduates and factory workers have joined together to seek the solution for all the problems. Yampan , the ruling class of Korea, has extremely belittled labor, and they have been said to have their servants light cigarettes for them. These yampan were the very cause of this stagnation seen in modern Korea before Japanese governance. Even in Europe and America, officers and soldiers ate separately, white collar professionals and factory workers were separated greatly. This tradition was heavily inherited to the Philippines, and it became ordinary that technical workers were neglected.

The spirits of Japanese education was written in Kyouiku Chokugo, the Message of Meiji Emperor. We must review it.


7. Conclusion

The reasons for Korean success as seen today obviously have roots in their effort to surpass Japan. However the origin of such success, initiated by President Park, cannot be discussed without making a note on policies made by General Ukaki. The second half of the twentieth century was an era when the incomes showed the widest gap in the human history. There is a huge difference between those nations who caught up with the time, and those who did not. South Korea, while many other nations have suffered in their poverty, has managed to catch up. I think that we Japanese are able to say that we have done some great things in the past, especially the development of Korea as seen today.

The basic premise of economic development lies in wealth and intelligence. Developing, or undeveloped nations have hard time to deliver these goods on their own. In order to actively utilize such goods and service, a nation is required to use their own latent ability, which needs to have grown in the time prior to this. In that respect, Korea was successful in terms of both delivering and making uses of those resources, whereas the Philippines failed. ”Rome was not built in one day” as the old saying suggests, Ukaki’s policy did not suffice at the time, but the leaders who were trained and educated this time, later became the central power in the Semaul movement in time of President Park. I also believe the difference between the industrialization and infrastructure led to success in Korea and failure in the Philippines.

During the second oil shock, I headed the committee of energy conservation for my company. At the time I painfully realized the need for carrying out the mission at any cost: At the time I painfully realized the need to have the spirit that we can get nothing without efforts, for carrying out the mission. Japan inserted the spiritual power necessary to carry out such a hard task to Korean. Then Korean was able to win the contemporary development through this spirit and nationalism to surpass Japan. However by excess nationalism is a negative factor when obtaining international fund and introducing knowledge. I feel recent recession of growth in Korea come from excess nationalism of anti-Japan.

　
Res.71 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 00:47:45

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/other-problem/foreign%20governance.html

1．Foreign Governance and Nationalism 2000.8.17

Today, it is taken for granted that the principles for the self-determination of the peoples and nationalism can co-exist. However, these two　are basically opposing concepts. In Kosovo, Albanians were granted the right of autonomy, due to the principles of self-determination, but Serbs are being segregated as a result. The Kosovar war we have just witnessed has its　reasons in discrimination of Albanians by Serbs, and even further, it’s reasoned in Serbs’ opposition to the Albanian expansion. Thus, to resolve the matter, the key was not in self-determination but in how to get rid of nationalism. It was important that the international society had to endow the answer on this matter.

In Japan, there also was a time of crisis of racial partition: It was at the Meiji Restoration in 1868. At that time, the war broke out between Emperor’s side and Tycoon’s side. If Tycoon Yoshinobu, did not crystallize because he declared and executed absolute loyalty to Emperor, persistently resisted with his forces, one cannot imagine what Japan looks like today. One may speculate, however, that the Emperor’s side, backed by Britain, and the Tycoon’s side, backed by France, could have split the nation in half, and severed the country in a great deal. However, I must note that the often ill-reputed decision made by Tycoon Yoshinobu, that he surrendered with his forces still remaining powerful, has saved Japan. But several Han (local government) resisted to the end. It seems to me loyalty toward Japan and loyalty toward their own Han (local government) must have co-existed fifty by fifty in the hearts of Japanese at that time. So, there was a possibility that the loser becomes ethnic.

The leaders of the time have appointed many bureaucrats of Tycoon’s side to important positions. Takeaki Enomonoto, who resisted the Emperor’s side all the way till the end, was assigned a seat as Foreign Minister and other important posts. The Meiji Government began its construction of Northeastern railroad (the region where resistance was fierce till the end of the war) earlier than the ones that links Tokyo and Osaka, although as a consequence, the Northeastern railroad finished later. The new government also built the Second Army division in Sendai, and opened the Second College, honored after the First College in Tokyo, whereas no army division or imperial university was built in Kagoshima or Yamaguchi, main components of the new government. Because of such moderate consideration, Japan by-passed its regional opposition. On the contrary, Italy who gained unification around the same time as Japan still suffers today from hatred between North and South, largely due to the exploitation done by North who held control of the entire nation. Also in Britain, the root of all the problems in Ireland is incurred by the oppression brought about by Cromwell, who conquered Ireland. Such European idea, that the winners get to punish the losers, has bred racism, ethnocentrism and racial conflict.

Next, there is a concept that the governance by others is generally evil. However, think of this question: Who were happier as a people, Chinese under the Chinese communist party, who had to suffer twenty million during the Great Cultural revolution, or Chinese in Hong Kong who enjoyed the bliss of the laissez-faire public policy?

I believe that a good government is the one that stabilizes people’s living standard, gets rid of discrimination, and allows self-actualization. It is only from a wishful thinking that the governance by the same people should be more acceptable. It is due to the fact that such a governance generally has less discrimination and has more opportunity to achieve one’s dream. It is similar in the company.

So, I believe that such debate can equate to another debate on whether one should work for a successful foreign company or for an unsuccessful Japanese firm. I believe that, generally speaking, Japanese people should work for Japanese companies. Even if the pay is good, discrimination at work will be quite a discourage. But if foreign company gets rid of discrimination and allows self-actualization., I believe that it’s far better to work for a foreign company with more funding and better treatment of its employees than working for a Japanese company with poor funding and treatment of its employees.

In the meeting in Paris after World War I, the United States advocated self-determination of peoples and Japan contended to resolve racial discrimination. Today, Americans demand themselves to be loyal to their own nation, coming over the differences in skin colors and languages. Finally racial discrimination has resolved. What the Japanese advocated at the time has now been realized.

On the other hand, Japan has been criticized for advocating racial harmony but practicing discrimination in reality. Indeed, Japan discriminated against Koreans in the beginning of annexation: Parliament was not in the government of governor-general, and the suffrage was not permitted, even for the Japanese in Korea. Political segregation toward Taiwanese was even further, because the difficult relationship between Japan and China was taken into consideration. Especially, it should be counted as Japan’s biggest mistake in this field that they banned the political activity of Isshinkai, which, with its one million members, advocated Korea’s annexation to Japan.

But in Japan, Koreans were given the same suffrage as Japanese in the mainland Japan. Park Shung Kong was elected into the House of Commons twice from the Tokyo district. There were several of them elected into the House of Lords as well. Hong Sa Yan has advanced to the post of Lieutenant General in the army. And it did not come to its fruition because the war ended, 18 members of the Common were to be elected to be from Korea in the next election.
. It took the United States until 1964 that the Blacks in America were allowed their suffrage in all the states. It was not until after the end of World War II that Jackie Robinson was allowed to play in the majors. Japan is criticized for discriminating the Koreans, but it was far less compared to the United States.

In the time of the Japanese annexation done at the beginning of 20th century, Korea was far behind of Japan in terms of literacy, income and infrastructure. There was virtually no tax revenue, but the government spending was immense. It seems obvious that Japan had fair reasons as seen at the European colonies from the then Japanese standpoint.

In 1909, Hirofumi Ito, the first Resident-General of Korea was assassinated by An Jun Gun. Now he is treated as hero in Korea. But it was a worst accident for Korean. It was a violence act with no knowledge of Ito’s personality , no knowledge of international politics then prevailing and inconsiderate judgment.
There was no leader at that time whose thoughts were as democratic as Ito. Ito wrote the constitution, formed a political party and knew the importance of holding elections. He was also a good listener, reflecting his personality. Chong Yang Fu, the anti-Japan president of Seihoku Gakkai, wrote to Ito in 1909: ”I should be an elected Member of Parliament and join you in Tokyo.”
Even more, Arasuke Sone, the second Resident-general of Korea, passed away with stomach cancer. After these two leaders who sided with the civilian-control policy had passed, Masatake Terauchi, the third Resident-general and also first governor-general, was militaristic, drawing a good contrast to the two. He banned all the political activities, fearing it would be a hotbed for anti-Japan activities.

There is an opinion that healthy nationalism is essential to the development of a nation. Certainly, the fact that President Park has agitated his citizens ”We must outdo Japan at any cost” has been one of the ingredients of the prosperity seen in Korea today. However we must note here that a nation has two means. One is country, and another is a race. In this issue I use nation means country.
What Japan has demanded was, Koreans and Taiwanese alike, a loyalty to a nation called Japan, just like how the United States today demands a loyalty overcoming the differences of skin colors and languages. In multicultural nations, loyalty to one’s own kind disrupts the structure as a nation, there is no good in it, although it may do a great harm. What is necessary is the spirit of harmony and dissolution of racial segregation. What President park had done should be considered nationalism, not racialism.

To develop one nation, it is vital to have the spirit of independence and healthy nationalism. However, overdone nationalism will cause international isolation. There is an example that companies with diversified operations of
ten generate a powerful development by deploying a movement to buy and use their own products. But at the same time the development of the technology could be halted because the information from other companies get shut out. One needs to keep a good balance of the two.

To coclude, my personal opinion is as followed.

1.There are a lot of ethnic conflicts in the world today. To solve this problem, ethnic groups often reqest and obtain individual self-determination. Ironically, such ”self-determination” produces a minority ethnic group. Therefore, the solution of Ethnic Conflicts must not be a racial self-determination but the compromise. The necessary one is ”Soul of harmony”, and ”Country of a divine in which people is generous and pious to all the religions”, on which Prime Minister Mori insists.

2. The requested society is ”Society which stabilizes life, and loses discrimination, and gives the chance of the own achievement”. Rule person’s nationality and race are irrelevant. It is necessary to throw away the preconception which is that the different race rule is badness, and consider which policy be good, and which policy was failure. Help of the advanced country is indispensable for the development of nations where poverty and the race confrontation continue. I think that this discussion lives at that time.

3. There are two meanings of nationalism. One come from a country and another come from a race. So after here I define that nationalism come from country is Nationalism and nationalism come from race is Racism. Then Nationalism is necessary for the development of the country; but Racism is very harmful in where various races coexist. And Nationalism should be balanced with the internationalism. Nationalism which go far never becomes a national interest.

　
Res.72 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/23 06:16:38

荒らしではないと思うので、続けてもらっても
私は問題ありません。

事実を日本に、そして世界に！！！


　
Res.73 by 無回答 from 無回答　2004/10/23 06:18:44


すでに誰も読んでないと思うけどね

　
Res.74 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 20:55:47

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/merit%20and%20demerit.html

Quistion 1

I am an abroad student from Korea in TN, I read your essays...
well, I was shocked that you just focused on the fact that the economic growth of Korea increased...
are you fool? yes, it is true that Korean economy was boosted and developed by Japan during colonization, but what do you think that purpose of developing Korea?????
Do you think Japanese government is some kind of donator???? hu?
i don think that Japan just helped Korea economically,
It is a fact that Japan exploited Korea for the War ...don you know about natioanlism??? what do you think about that?
hey, if Japan did not exploit Korean people, what do you think about comfort women??? how can you explain???? and confisticating young men to war??? DO you think that young boys wnat to fight for Japan????? are you crazy??? hey, listen......... there are a lot of historical evidence that you cannot ignore Japan exploited Korea and annexed for a long time..
it does not matter it is legal or illegal.... what kind of people want to be ruled by other country???? hu??? we had our king and government...why do they want to abandon and give the power to Japanese???????
well, i have grown up with the story how your people were cruel to Korean...
i heard from my grand parents and how they had lived those period....
DO you know that Japanese government tried to move the capital from Tokyo to Seoul for taking the continent??? Japanese government did not think they colonized Korea probably... they think Korea was part of their country..
like another Japan... hey, we had Japanese name ...Japanese government enforced us not to use Korean languge and characters..even our culture...
My grand parents had name ”NAKAMURA”.... how can i interpret that???
can you still say that Japan did not exploit Korea???
well, i understand that you just looked one side...but look at the other side...ask people...your father or grand parents...or ask Koreans...
do you know??? Because of you guys, we cannot reconcile....and cannot forget the memory....we still have the hate feelings...even i am not involved directly the historical event....
do you know what i am saying??
well, my Japanese friends did not think like you guys...i am so relieved that they are different from you...
i hope you study more about the historical event....do not focus on the fact who write wrong...do not interpret the history based on your knowledge... it is the history... it does not need your opinion...
just visit Korea...... you will see what happen in Korea... how we want to be independent from Japan during colonization...
sincely.

Answere 1

Thank you to visit my HP. By common sense of modern business administration, for a company may get a maximum profits, it is said that the most important thing is the will of employees. Therefore, an employer must pay the salary that an employee can understand. By another speaking, enough milk is not removed from the poor cow.

Korean of those days was very poor. Therefore at first Japan planned stability of their life. The budget of a governor-general’s office in 1911 was 52 million yen, and there were 12 million yen subsidies of Japanese government and the 10 million yen public loan those were gathered in Japan in this budget. This subsidy was continued until the end of the war.

It was 1934 that personal income tax was introduced into Korea, and the tax rate of this time was half of Japan. The difference was shortened gradually afterwards, but even it was a low rate than Japan. In addition, a tax rate of the refined sake and the beer, was about 10% lower than that of Japan, a tax rate of a liquor(焼酎) was about a half, a tax rate of the raw sake(濁酒) which a Korean used habitually was only 15% of Japan.

According to the investigation of the Allied Forces general headquarters, the assets which were left in Korea, including a private fund, ware 5250 million dollars (79 billion yen). When it converts it into today’s value at the ratio of a national budget, it is a big sum more than 80 trillion yen. Japan receives no compensation for these assets. On the contrary, Japan paid moneys of economic support with Japan and Korea basic treaty. Many countries became independent after the war. All these countries paid compensation money for the assets which a suzerain left. Do you think that Japan nothing contributed to Korea still?

British famous tourist Isabella Bird (Bishop) traveled in Korea and Primorskii before annexation, and wrote it as follows. When I stayed in Korea, I thought that Korean was a people as waste, and there was no wish of improvement. But I had to revise the thought in Primorskii very much. The Korean grow up into the rich farmer, and were received splendid evaluation as diligent and clean people from Russian policemen, settlers and soldiers, in Primorskii. However, they were not diligent and economy exceptionally. They were the people who starved and ran away from starvation. Because of their richness and the good point of behavior,if there were only the conservation of sincere administration and income in Korean mainland, I had a wish that ”Korean will become a dependable people gradually”.

A comfort woman is a simple prostitute. Both Japan and Korea were poor in those days. A lot of girls were sold as a prostitute by a parent. However, their annual income was almost the same as lieutenant general.

At the beginning of China incident, major Kim Shakugen(金錫源) led Japanese soldiers and participated actively. The mass communication reported his activity day after day. I Kwang-su(李光洙) and Choe Nam\son(崔南善) who were leaders of 3.1 independence exercise, cried ”Strike down America and Britain” enthusiastically. The young men were fanned in such hot air, and entried for the recruitment of a volunteer, the applicant of the first age was 7 times, the end time were more than 50 times. Choe Kei-roku(崔慶禄) who became later a stationing ambassador in Japan, passed the Military Academy. But he said, ”it is a most important time now”, went to New Guinea front with his regiment, and was seriously injured.

About ”changing name”, Minami governor-general sent notification three times and forbade compulsion. Therefore Lieutenant general. Hong Shi-yoku(洪思翊中将) and the governer of Gyeongsong Bug Do, Kim Dei-u( 金大羽慶北道知事) did not have the Japanese name. According to Yagi Nobuo who was a bureaucrat of a governor-general’s office of those days, as for the chief of the police bureau of those days was against for ”changing name”, so police was passive to ”changing name”, He said that enthusiastic persons were district bureaucracy. At those day, the chief of district and village were Koreans basically. Therefore, I think that the subject of compulsion was a district bureaucrat of a Korean.

A thought that the people ruled by foreigner is unhappy, is an error. After the war, Japan received American rule, but there was the bad rule but also the good rule. As the comment of the above-mentioned Isabella Bird in Korea of those days, the exploitation of Ryanpan for general public is indicated. Would the people in the nation ruled by Stalin, Hitler, Mao Zedong, or Kim Il-song be happy? Would Hong Kong citizen under the rule of British be more happy than the China citizen ruled by Mao Zedong? ”I hope you study more about the historical event. and it does not need your opinion” This is a same opinion of mine.

　
Res.75 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 20:57:44

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/merit%20and%20demerit.html

Quistion 2

well, i enjoyed your mail...but do you think Japan annex Korea for improvement and development????? then how can you explain the assimilation??? then why Japanese suppress the March First Movement??? to help other countries, the annexation is not necessary... how can you explain the comfort women issue??? and confistication of youth to war??? well, as you know Japan designed to assimilate the Korean populatoin... can you explain that?? under this circumstance, can people happy?? do you think the money can make people happy??? what if we lose our identity, can we become happy??

you got wrong example.... you compared with China or other socialist countries,,,,,^_^ you see? we do not want to both of them.. i mean socialist or colonized by other country therefore, people wanted to be independent from Japan... how can you explain anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea??? well, if your government treated Korean people like Japanese, then Korean people really say the colonial era was dreadful?????

i guess you are the right wing society member..right??? hey, do you know Takao Sakamoto, a professor of Gakushuin University in Tokyo, he said that Japan’s World War II frontline ”comfort stations” with ”toilets”......... what do you think??? he accepted about the fact... comfort women then, it is exploitation...... u can define the meaning of exploitation.....its not only resources...right?? if you have any idea, then e-mail me again..

and i want to know your opinion the Japanese history textbook do you think it is distorted ??? i think the textbook should be revised........it damage the bilateral relathioship between two countries.... and the book ommitted the Nanjing Massacre... what do you think about that?? do you think Japan tried to help other countries????? and you just explain the expansionist policies like that??? Japan was slaughter..............you know.... hey \ i know one more thing... human experiment... umm it maybe 731 troops...i am not sure but the US wanted the result of human experiment by Japan during colonial era... ^_^ you should explain those things..not only say economic facts which wrote by writers of nationalistic perspective.... well, i look forward to your response.... sincely

Answere 2

After the opening of a port, the Japanese merchant went into Korea. Six years later, Korea concluded a treaty with China. A merchant of China went into Korea by it, too. The competition with a merchant of China and Japan intensified. 袁世凱 stayed in Korea from 壬午軍乱. As a result a voice of China became strong, and the Japanese merchant was pressed. 甲午農民戦争 broke out, and Korea requested China for help. Japan was afraid that influential voice of China became stronger, and Japan sent troops. This dispatch of troop was by Tensing Treaty and 済物浦 Treaty.

At this time, Japanese government thought that the reason why such an internal disturbance happened, was that Korean politics was too loose. So Japan submitted a demand book of domestic administration to Korea government. It is an opening of Sino-Japanese War. Japan won to China and 甲午改革, 乙未改革 began. However, 閔妃 who disliked that Japanese influence became strong, came close to Russia. Russia was the country which Japan was the most cautious of. The Miura minister killed 閔妃. This was the most stupid plan. 高宗 escaped into a Russian embassy, and Prime Minister 金弘集 who led reform was killed, and he was eaten. The reform was stopped by this. If this 甲午改革, 乙未改革 progressed, I think that Japan did not need to annex Korea.

Because 高宗 escaped into a Russian embassy, a Russian voice became strong, and the Japanese merchant received various losses. Russo-Japanese War began. And when war situation became advantageous,Japan make Korea to employ a financial adviser and a diplomatic adviser Japan took the consensus of the European and American countries, and Japan turned Korea into a protected country. This purpose was to prevent repeated betrayal of 高宗. Hirofumi Ito arrived in Korea as Resident-general. Ito thought, it was sufficient that Korea became stable and pro-Japanese. The reason was that the direct rule need much money by the experience of Taiwan,. In addition, France turns a policy of colonial rule, from the direct rule to the indirect rule at about 1880. The reason is because it costs money as for the direct rule.

However, 高宗 sent secret messenger to Hague Conference in 1907. Japan was angry, but also cabinet of Korea was angry, too. The cabinet let 高宗 abdicate who took such an action without permission of cabinet. Ito who felt fear by anger of the people of this time, waited for arrival of the Japanese troop and let Korean force dissolve. The soldiers who lost their job were scattered to the whole country and became the main force of independent. Ito developed interference by the third Japan and Korea agreement.

However, independent exercise did not readily cool down, and Ito reached to decide annex. I watch this process, then I think the following allegory. There was the company where an employee suffered because management was dull, near Japan. The thoughtful employee requested Japan for a management direction. Because a president disliked a Japanese direction and was selfish, reformation did not progress. As for putting the company under control, there was variously merit for Japan. Japan turned Korea company into a company concerned at last. Japan sent the chairman into and made the previous chairman the president. However, because the president was selfish, the board let the president retire himself

However, thus reformation did not progress either. So Japan strengthen interference gradually and reached annexation at last. In Korea there were many persons who demand Japan for a management direction, 金玉均、李容九、李完用etc. Especially Prime Minister 李完用 was burned his house two times and injured hard, but his will to demand of Japanese help did not change. Perhaps he knew Korea could not progress without Japan.

I described about comfort women and military service the last time. As having described the last time, I do not consider that ruled by foreigner means always as misfortune. It is the same as it may not be unhappy to work at a company of foreign capital. In addition, I described a case of Japan under occupation. Wilson insisted on self-determination. As a result inhabitants in Kosovo or etc, become unhappy . On the other hand, in America, regardless of the race, America demands the loyalty to America as an American and demands assimilation. Japan was the same, too. Regardless of the race, Japan demanded the loyalty to a Japanese country and demanded assimilation.But, in the wartime of Japan, Japan hurried too much, it was mistake.

Money may not make a human being happy. However, a person without experience does not understand bitterness of no money. A current rich Korean can not understand the bitterness that the people can not escape from hunger and uneasiness of illness. However, when you see refugees in Africa in television, do you think that they are happy? The last time, I described exploitation, was it Japanese that was exploited? Korean paid tax cheaper than that of Japanese.

As for the new history textbook, have you read it? Only by the wrong news of mass communication, please do not say about it.

　
Res.76 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 20:59:22

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/merit%20and%20demerit.html

Qustion & Answere 3

Q:The annextion might begin with threten of outer nations..i mean like China, Russia, and Japan... i knew that Korea was the weakeast country among those nations...so they threatened Korea and tried to annex for exploitation on the basis of the boom of nationalism.... so, Korean government chose Japan to protect its national security from other nations, but as the time passed, Japan appeared their zeal to expand the land and became more aggressive and warlistic.....that’s why Japan need to assimilate Korea for the complete access to China and tried to move its capital from Tokyo(?) to Seoul. it has much advantage to progress its expansionist policies.....

S:The capital of Japan did not move from Tokyo, and no-one wanted it.
Q: also, the textbook reformers said that comfort women issue was not suitable to teach the young Japanese students so they omitted or abriged that part.
S: Some makers of text book said as you said. But many people of Japan knew that they were simple prostitutes and they earned as same as lieutenant general. Do you think such a large-income earners are sex slaves? I do not think so, and many people of Japan also do not think so. So some makers omitted such issues.
Q:also Nanjing Masscre, goundless theory??? and not sufficient evidence??? ya, maybe....but people know...
S:About Nanjing Massacre, all textbook wrote it, by the guidance of the Ministry of Education. But can you kill 300 thousand peoples in spite of there were 20 thousand inhabitants? This incident is very doubtful incident and so continue the discussion.
Q:moreover, one Japanese politician describes war frontline comfort women as Japanese soldiers toilets..... i knew the politician name...but i forgot....i will send you later... this kind of things arouse Korean’s anger...... you know i ve seen one doumentary film it was very old it recoreded after independent from Japan... people were happy to become independent from Japan...... you know? my grandmother once told me how Japanese policemen were thretened people....... you had better contact with people who were through the colonial period.... you will learn details of how Korean people thought about Japanese.....
S:The man who gained power by independence become happy, and the man who lost power became unhappy. At the bagging of Japanese governance, there were many problem, so 3.1　independence exercise happened. But the leaders of 3.1 independence exercise as Kwang-su(李光洙) or Choe Nam-son(崔南善) became the pro-Japanese opinion leaders. The people are greatly influenced by miscommunication.
Q:it does not need you to say about econmical or the initial purpose of annextion for protect Korea.... anyway, the initial purpose had been changed for Japanese shake...for their nation’s interest... of course Korea’s economic growth can be observed during colonial period, but you know? it was not for Korean... most economic power gave Japanese from main land.....(people described Japan as a main land) and Korean people who had power was not a patriat....you know what i mean? even they are Korean, they also exploited Korea people for their interest..
S: Korea’s economic growth is for the sakes of Japanese and also Korean. As I wrote last time, Japan did not exploited Korea people.
Q:.. well, i will look forward to your opinion..... The Korean government will today make an official demand for a revision of the Japanese textbooks that stand accused of glossing over the nation’s colonial atrocities, officials said yesterday. Foreign Minister Han Seung-soo will meet Japanese ambassador to Seoul, Teruske Terada, this morning to make the demand. Han will also deliver documents detailing Korea’s position on the textbook passages in question. Korean scholars have completed the documents pertaining to about 30-40 passages from the eight textbooks that they see as erroneous or deliberately distorted. The documents also specify Korea’s stance on each passage, which is based on ”universal perception of history and studies shared by both Korea and Japan so far,” the official said.
S: It was not based on universal perception of history but on Korea’s stance.
Q:The passages in question are those on sex slavery and forced labor that are unsaid or played down in the textbooks. Other controversial allegations include the notion that ancient Japan colonized part of the Korean Peninsula.
S: I doubt that when scholars check the text book, there were too few passages to demand to accuse, so they introduced ancient problem.
Q: It will also target accounts that Japan occupied Korea in 1910 as part of its efforts to stabilize East Asia and ward off Western attempts to dominate Asia. In both Seoul and Tokyo, politicians and senior government officials from the two sides engaged in a series of talks over the textbook dispute for the past couple of days. Yukio Hatoyama, leader of the Japanese main opposition Democratic Party, met yesterday with President Kim Dae-jung and leaders of Korean political parties. He met Foreign Minister Han Wednesday. Hatoyama is one of the Japanese politicians critical of the textbooks. He said the books should not be used in Japanese schools as they present incorrect history. The Japanese politician also expressed his wish for a quick, amicable settlement so that it won’t damage bilateral ties between the two countries.
S: When Hatoyama returned, the committee textbook of Hatoyama’s Democratic Party, criticized him as his speech was not the opinion of their Party.
Q:President Kim called for cooperation in efforts to make the Japanese government come up with positive and sincere measures to resolve the issue.
S: I agree and wish to do. And I wish that both people study correct history, not historical view of Marxist.
Q:Hatoyama also told Korean National Assembly Speaker Lee Man-sup that he opposes Japan’s textbook screening system and Tokyo should allow Korean-Japanese to vote in provincial elections. In Tokyo, Korean Culture Minister Kim Han-gill called for a textbook revision in his meeting with Japanese Education Minister Atsuko Toyama Wednesday. He said Japan’s approval of the textbooks violates the spirit of the 1998 partnership declaration. The declaration was signed by the leaders of the two countries, where Japan expressed regret about the pain it inflicted on Koreans during the colonial period. The Japanese official reiterated her government’s position, saying that it will not seek further revision because the textbook screening was conducted under strict and fair standards. Choi Sang-yong, Korean ambassador to Japan, met with Japanese Foreign Minister Makiko Tanaka on the same day to present Seoul’s stance on the issue. Tanaka was quoted as saying Japan will respect the 1998 joint declaration in trying to resolve the dispute.
Qustion & Answere 4

Q:i appreciate your response. i thank you for spending your time. you can use my questions also.....^_^
i still have different view with you, but it does not mean that i am against Japan or have anomisity to Japanese. i thank you that you discussed with me, and i wish this issue would solve soon.. and not hurting the future relaitonship between two countries.......
well, if i have any question, i will e-mail you...is it ok? caz i want to discuss this issue with my Japanese friends....... they have a bit different opnion with you...so......^_^
i will let you know how my friends think about this issue.

A:Thank you to appreciate me. I also want to discuss you someday.
Marx said that a capitalist is an enemy of a labor. But now, a capitalist is a comrade of a labor to win business war.
To win business war, big company annex other company. In this case, someone become happy, and some one become unhappy.
This is same relation of Korea and Japan.

　
Res.77 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:01:10

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/History%20between%20JK.html

Quistion 1

Your website is filled with interesting but false views of history.
Personally, I see your attempt to transmit a twisted version of the history of Korea and Japan, is to cover up Japan’s Shameful past or due to your malicious nature shared by many japanese people.
Japan in a historical sense was always the backwater of Asia. The bottom of the food chain. One of the most uncultured and barbaric nations that was despised by the Chinese and Koreans. Japanese people were always referred to as the ”dwarf barbarians”.

Recent history is of Japan is tarnished by the barbaric acts against humanity commited by the japanese race. However,there is an aspect of the Japanese army during World War2 that was quite admirable. They were fully devoted and blindly loyal to the Emperor, who was perceived as the descendant of a divine being. Millions of young men giving up their lives for the emperor or a cause demonstrates courage that is to be respected. Ironically, history tells us that the Japanese Emperor is NOT a descendant of a divine being.

The Japanese emperor is descended from Koreans, the very people that the japanese tried to enslave. I find the deaths and sarcrifices made by millions of japanese families during world war 2 quite amusing and laughable. http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/paekch_e.html That should enlighten your views.

By the way, it is a established fact and accepted by everyone around the world, that Japanese led to destruction and war during world war 2. Whatever you may say to challenge this fact, will only result in feelings of animosity towards the japanese. So, do yourself and your country a favour and keep your offensive views to yourself.

Answere 1

Have you read Kim Wan Sop’s ”An explanation for a pro-Japanese group” ? He thanks Japan that ”all the today’s Korean development is Japanese contribution.”

However, his book was designated a harmful book so a general person cannot read it. Furthermore, the authorities examined him on the suspicion of treason, and took away his passport for the time.

Then it became clear that Korean history recognition was made by government in order to blackmail Japan, by suppression of freedom of thought.

When freedom of thought establishes in the Republic of Korea, I am convinced that a lot of people argue the same opinion as Kim Wan Sop and us.

It is clear that Chinese history recognition was also made by suppression of freedom of thought. I hope that you will demand the freedom of thought to Republic of Korea / China ”,and not to receive such a criticism.”

　
Res.78 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:02:41

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/History%20between%20JK.html

Quistion 2

After reading your reply, it became evident to me that I would be wasting my time arguing on issues with ultra-nationalists like yourself. However, out of curiosity I would like to ask for your opinions on certain issues.

1)How does the fact that economic development in Korea initiated by the Japanese justify the denial of Korean sovereignty? Do you beleive that it is a fair trade-off? Would Japan be willing to sacrifice their liberty and freedom for the sake of its economic development if it was in similar circumstances as Korea in 1900??

2)Based on countless personal accounts, young Korean men were forced into labour and the japanese military. Even worse thousands of young women were forced or mislead into prostituition. How can a handful of documents created in an oppressive militaristic society such as Japan of pre-1945 era overrule such accounts?? How can u guarantee the credibility of such documents?

3) What are your opinions on the atmoic bombs dropped on Japan, hence liberating all of Asia from the dark rule of Japan? Do you believe that such actions were unfair and unjust?

4) Do you believe that the origins of Japan fundamentally lies in Korea? Can the Japanese imperial family trace their ancestry to Korea?

As for Kim Wan Sop’s book, I believe that opinions expressed by one individual which could offend and insult millions of people who have suffered unjustly under the Japanese oppressive regime should be banned. Suppose an author in Israel wrote a book that denies that the Holocast happened or it was exaggerated by the Allied propaganda machine, do think it would be published in Israel? The whole world and including myself believes that it is Japan that should face their wrongful past and apologize. It is Japan’s history recognition that is extremely flawed.

Note: I am an Australian citizen, born, raised and educated in Australia. Although I have Korean ethnic background, most of my knowledge of the history in Asia comes from the western academia.

Answere 2

A common　opinion of me and Kim Wan Sop, is denial of nationalism. I consider that the theory of self-determination is one of two big wrong theories with communism which is produced in the 20th century . When the race who don’t have the power to become independent, becomes independent, and as a result a ruled race become minority and oppressed. It is only a few men who get profit, and the majority become poverty than before. The needed matter is the reconciliation of races instead of self-determination.

After World War I, at Paris peace conference, Japan insisted on abolition of racial discrimination , and it was rejected. However, the ideal is coming true today in America. Even if a colors of skin are different, they unite under the Star-Spangled Banner and pledge allegiance to America. This is the concord of five races itself which Japan insisted on.

The ideal rule of my thought is that people become rich, discrimination disappears, and people have a chance of self-realization. It is no problem whether a ruler is the same race of myself or another. Do you think that the people of North Korea who are ruled by Kim Jon Il or the people of China who were ruled by Mao Tzu Tong, are happy?

When I take a negative viewpoint of nationalism, and I think about the purpose that Japan ruled over Korea was defense for Russia, it is clear that there is no reason to exploit a Korean by Japan. Japan made an effort desperately not to buy a grudge of a Korean. Japan reduced a tax of Korean than Japanese and made an effort in development of economy. As a result, in 1930’s, robbery decreased, and an index of Engel decreased.

Japan laid the foundations of more future development. It was the era of Pak Chon Hee that the Republic of Korea developed. His policy is a copy of Ugaki’s policy.

You are insisted on with young Korean men were forced into labour and the Japanese military. However, application rate for a volunteer exceeds 50 times and there were many Koreans who applied for a special attack unit, and died. How do you think about this matter? Japan was moved with their loyalty, and a draft system was enforced in 1944. It was said that they ware forced , but they were compelled according to a law, and there were not a kidnapped person.

Are you considered as a sex slave with the woman who got equal income of general? A bank book of the woman who accused Japan of being forced to be a sex slave, was discovered. She demand to compensate this money to Japan as an evidence of this bank book. It became clear from this matter that her yearly income was almost the same as army general.

About an A-bomb, it is obviously a crime against peace and humanity. The Allied Forces did innumerable crimes against peace and humanity, too. However, a crime of the victor was hidden, and was forgiven. War is such a thing.

About the Japanese Imperial Family, I think that they were brought over from Korea. However, it is the mythical world, and there was not evidence.

You insist on that it is right to prohibit the publication of Kim Wan Sop’s book. Do you think that you can investigate of truth under oppression of freedom of speech? Your history recognition was made by Republic of Korea government to blackmail Japan under the oppression of freedom of speech. It become clear by this case.

It is said; before Kim Wan Sop went to Australia to study, he was anti Japan and he can’t read and talk Japanese completely. However, he noticed that his history recognition was completely wrong, during studying in Australia.

　
Res.79 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:04:58

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/History%20between%20JK.html

Quistion 3

Construction of infrastructure and establishing factories does not constitute as development or progress. It is a known fact that the Japanese colonial government did establish railways, factories and other ”signs” of development, but it is also a known fact that these ”development” were not built for the sole benefit of the Korean people. Japan needed an industrial and strategic base on the Asian continent in order to carry out the Tanaka’s demonic plans to conquer the world. In essence these so called ”development” were carried out to enslave the Koreans, and the Chinese. Japanese military rulers would be much worse and painful to the Koreans and Chinese than Kim Jong Il or Mao Tsu Tong if they managed to succeed in conquering all of Asia.

You mentioned that you believe if ”people become rich, discrimination disappears, and people have a chance of self-realization.” Japan right now is one of the wealthiest nations of the world, but yet it is one of the most racist societies. They still haven’t gone through the ”self-realization process”.

Japanese still print history textbooks which are flawed. Australia is also a nation that has had the highest standard of living for the past 100 years. However, Aboriginals weren’t even legally human beings until 30 years ago, also the ”white Australia policy” which discriminates all non-caucasian people were strictly enforced. These policies were removed not because of the nations wealth or the wealth of its people, but through movements inspired by small interest groups.

President Park Chung Hee did initiate the development of South Korea. I dont know what the significance of Park Chung Hee borrowing some of his economic plans from Ugaki is. Park Chung Hee carried out his economic plans in order to create a strong nation in which all Koreans can feel proud to call home. However the Japanese purpose to economically develop Korea is to add fuel to their evil war effort.

I still insist that young Korean men were forced into slave labour. The evidence that you base your claims are from the Japanese war-time propaganda. Japan had the most oppressive government and society at that time. My evidence however comes from my Grandfather’s older brother. He studied in Waseda University until he was forced to fight for japan, a foreign nation. My grandfather’s friends, cousins and younger brother were also forced to join the Japanese army or ”national service” (forced labour). Luckily my grandfather managed to escape to Manchuria where he stayed till the end of the war.

How could Japan with limited resources, afford to pay thousands upon thousands of women the salary of a General?? Your evidence to deny the existence of sexual slavery is once more questionable.

”About the Japanese Imperial Family, I think that they came from Korea. However, it was the mythical world, and there was not evidence.” There is evidence, just open up tombs of the Japanese imperial family during the Yamato period.

”About an A-bomb, it is obviously a crime against peace and humanity.” It definitely is a crime against humanity, but against peace?? It did finish a war that could of lasted more than a year, also it did save hundreds of thousands of American lives. Also it was a punishment that the evil japanese brought only to themselves.

”Do you think that you can investigate of truth under oppression of freedom of speech?” South Korea is a democracy. It also does practice freedom of speech, the current president ”Kim Dae Jung” is one of the strongest believers of democracy in Asia.

”Kim Wan Sop went to Australia to study, he was anti Japan and he can’t read and talk Japanese completely. However, he noticed that his history recognition was completely wrong, during studying in Australia.” I have lived in Australia since I was 5 years old. Most of my knowledge of history in Asia comes from sources that I obtained in Australia. I believe it is your history recognition that is completely wrong. Kim Wan Sop was probably bribed by some cunning japanese ultra-nationalist. Although I haven’t read his book, I would love to if there is an english version. Where can I obtain one??

Answere 3

Ugaki took office as the governor-general of Korea in 1931. Then he told the following as an example of Poland in the first Great War.

”When Japan goes to war with the Soviet Union, there is the fear that Korea fights against Japan under the present circumstance, as Polish in the Great War . We must let life of a Korean be stable. Wisdom and money of you are necessary for it.”

The Japanese Korea merger was in order to prepare for the revenge of the Soviet Union. Therefore when Japan exploit a Korean or Korean have a grudge against Japan, it is the opposite effect. It was in the middle of the world financial crisis in those days, and both Japanese and Korean were very miserable. Ugaki revolutionized sudden social structure called the Korean Industrial Revolution by hydraulic power generation and development of mines. By promotion exercise of farms, he increased income per an area largely. By these policies, the life of a Korean was rapidly stable.

About Korea merger, Kim Wan Sop compares it to having expanded a shop by purchasing the next shop. And I compare it, developing company purchased the company where management is dull, in order to become bigger. In this case, when both companies join the power, then they can achieve a purpose.

It becomes an established theory in Japan by many evidence that the Tanaka’s demonic plans to conquer the world, is forgery made in China .

You say that Japan is the most racist societies. How do you evaluate that Korean living in Japan owned the right to vote? Korean’s members of the House of Lords amounted to 10, untill Korea separates from Japan. Park Shun Kin was elected to member of the House of Representatives twice from Tokyo. Japan gave the right to vote, to the person who lived in Korea in 1944. The Japanese who lived in Korea did not have the right to vote untill then. Both a Japanese and a Korean were equal.

Kim Shaku Gen colonel leads Japanese soldiers and made a great contribution. Hong Si Yok became to army lieutenant general. It is 1965 that Black was given the right to vote to in America. Japan was a country with a less racial discrimination than America and Australia.

As for the Republic of Korea having developed in the times of President Park Chung Hee, there are three reasons. One is the emergency demand by Vietnam War. However, the Philippines missed the chance then. The reason is because there was no industrial base in the Philippines. But Republic of Korea had an industrial base by the Industrial Revolution of Ugaki.

The second point is because a fund and wisdom entered from Japan by the conclusion of Japan and Korea basic treaty. Ugaki’s request to the Japanese business world at time of the assumption of office of governor-general, had come true by the conclusion of Japan and Korea basic treaty.

The third point was to have stood up a farm village again by Semaul exercise. Sawaichirou Kamata who was a brain of Ugaki, was invited to direct this movement.

It is said that Japan forced youngmen to join the Japanese army or ”national service” (forced labour), but it was done according to a law entirely, and there was nobody by kidnapped. Do you consider the draft and commandeer by a law, to be forcible escort? The Republic of Korea still takes a draft, but are they taken by forcible escort? I do not deny Japan gave great pain to them, by Japanese defeat and collapse of food delivery mechanism. However the boy mechanic whom commandeered from Taiwan to Navy-factory in Kanagawa, cherishes a thing of those days. 1300 people visited Japan by a family companion in 1993 of the 50th year, and very grand interchange society have been opened. It is said they continue to interchange afterwards.

A comfort women are prostitutes and do not get salaries. They sell a bodies and get reward from visitors. There were a few prostitutes compared with a soldier at the battle front, so they got terrible high income by relation of demand and supply . Evidence is an account book of the deposit that stayed in Japan, by the trial that she caused for return of a deposit.

I do not deny that the inside of an Japanese old burial mound received influence of a Korean old burial mound, but it cannot be the evidence to be a descendant of a visit person. The war with Korea lasted for several hundred years in those days. There were a lot of exiles to Japan, so the mutual interchange was extremely close to.

A definition of a crime against peace and humanity is prescribed by the war law signed at Hague in 1907. According to this definition, an atomic bomb is a crime against peace and humanity obviously. Crimes against peace and humanity of the victors are done immunity from responsibility of, and they are concealed. On the other hand, crimes against peace and humanity of a loser are amplified, and they are conveyed.

It became clear by a matter of Kim Wan Sop that there was no freedom of speech in the Republic of Korea. His book received appointment of a harmful book, was prohibitted to sale to the young men, and it was imposed duty to wrap it by vinyl like pornbook to be not able to browse. In addition, government detained him on the charge of national treason, and he was investigated. Can it be said that freedom of speech is guaranteed?

Kim Wan Sop insist that Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand do union, furthermore they should make Toa federation so that stand against America and EU. This thought is the same as a thought of Daito union theory insisted on for the 19th century. In Daito union theory, Japan and Korea did union and connected with China, and was going to check the invasion of the the Europe group to Asia. In Korea I Yong Gu and so on insisted on its thought.

I do not know where you can get his book. Perhaps there is no English version. A publishing company for Japanese is Soushisha(草思社). 2-33-8, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo telephone 03-3470-6565

　
Res.80 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:05:05

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/History%20between%20JK.html

Quistion 3

Construction of infrastructure and establishing factories does not constitute as development or progress. It is a known fact that the Japanese colonial government did establish railways, factories and other ”signs” of development, but it is also a known fact that these ”development” were not built for the sole benefit of the Korean people. Japan needed an industrial and strategic base on the Asian continent in order to carry out the Tanaka’s demonic plans to conquer the world. In essence these so called ”development” were carried out to enslave the Koreans, and the Chinese. Japanese military rulers would be much worse and painful to the Koreans and Chinese than Kim Jong Il or Mao Tsu Tong if they managed to succeed in conquering all of Asia.

You mentioned that you believe if ”people become rich, discrimination disappears, and people have a chance of self-realization.” Japan right now is one of the wealthiest nations of the world, but yet it is one of the most racist societies. They still haven’t gone through the ”self-realization process”.

Japanese still print history textbooks which are flawed. Australia is also a nation that has had the highest standard of living for the past 100 years. However, Aboriginals weren’t even legally human beings until 30 years ago, also the ”white Australia policy” which discriminates all non-caucasian people were strictly enforced. These policies were removed not because of the nations wealth or the wealth of its people, but through movements inspired by small interest groups.

President Park Chung Hee did initiate the development of South Korea. I dont know what the significance of Park Chung Hee borrowing some of his economic plans from Ugaki is. Park Chung Hee carried out his economic plans in order to create a strong nation in which all Koreans can feel proud to call home. However the Japanese purpose to economically develop Korea is to add fuel to their evil war effort.

I still insist that young Korean men were forced into slave labour. The evidence that you base your claims are from the Japanese war-time propaganda. Japan had the most oppressive government and society at that time. My evidence however comes from my Grandfather’s older brother. He studied in Waseda University until he was forced to fight for japan, a foreign nation. My grandfather’s friends, cousins and younger brother were also forced to join the Japanese army or ”national service” (forced labour). Luckily my grandfather managed to escape to Manchuria where he stayed till the end of the war.

How could Japan with limited resources, afford to pay thousands upon thousands of women the salary of a General?? Your evidence to deny the existence of sexual slavery is once more questionable.

”About the Japanese Imperial Family, I think that they came from Korea. However, it was the mythical world, and there was not evidence.” There is evidence, just open up tombs of the Japanese imperial family during the Yamato period.

”About an A-bomb, it is obviously a crime against peace and humanity.” It definitely is a crime against humanity, but against peace?? It did finish a war that could of lasted more than a year, also it did save hundreds of thousands of American lives. Also it was a punishment that the evil japanese brought only to themselves.

”Do you think that you can investigate of truth under oppression of freedom of speech?” South Korea is a democracy. It also does practice freedom of speech, the current president ”Kim Dae Jung” is one of the strongest believers of democracy in Asia.

”Kim Wan Sop went to Australia to study, he was anti Japan and he can’t read and talk Japanese completely. However, he noticed that his history recognition was completely wrong, during studying in Australia.” I have lived in Australia since I was 5 years old. Most of my knowledge of history in Asia comes from sources that I obtained in Australia. I believe it is your history recognition that is completely wrong. Kim Wan Sop was probably bribed by some cunning japanese ultra-nationalist. Although I haven’t read his book, I would love to if there is an english version. Where can I obtain one??

Answere 3

Ugaki took office as the governor-general of Korea in 1931. Then he told the following as an example of Poland in the first Great War.

”When Japan goes to war with the Soviet Union, there is the fear that Korea fights against Japan under the present circumstance, as Polish in the Great War . We must let life of a Korean be stable. Wisdom and money of you are necessary for it.”

The Japanese Korea merger was in order to prepare for the revenge of the Soviet Union. Therefore when Japan exploit a Korean or Korean have a grudge against Japan, it is the opposite effect. It was in the middle of the world financial crisis in those days, and both Japanese and Korean were very miserable. Ugaki revolutionized sudden social structure called the Korean Industrial Revolution by hydraulic power generation and development of mines. By promotion exercise of farms, he increased income per an area largely. By these policies, the life of a Korean was rapidly stable.

About Korea merger, Kim Wan Sop compares it to having expanded a shop by purchasing the next shop. And I compare it, developing company purchased the company where management is dull, in order to become bigger. In this case, when both companies join the power, then they can achieve a purpose.

It becomes an established theory in Japan by many evidence that the Tanaka’s demonic plans to conquer the world, is forgery made in China .

You say that Japan is the most racist societies. How do you evaluate that Korean living in Japan owned the right to vote? Korean’s members of the House of Lords amounted to 10, untill Korea separates from Japan. Park Shun Kin was elected to member of the House of Representatives twice from Tokyo. Japan gave the right to vote, to the person who lived in Korea in 1944. The Japanese who lived in Korea did not have the right to vote untill then. Both a Japanese and a Korean were equal.

Kim Shaku Gen colonel leads Japanese soldiers and made a great contribution. Hong Si Yok became to army lieutenant general. It is 1965 that Black was given the right to vote to in America. Japan was a country with a less racial discrimination than America and Australia.

As for the Republic of Korea having developed in the times of President Park Chung Hee, there are three reasons. One is the emergency demand by Vietnam War. However, the Philippines missed the chance then. The reason is because there was no industrial base in the Philippines. But Republic of Korea had an industrial base by the Industrial Revolution of Ugaki.

The second point is because a fund and wisdom entered from Japan by the conclusion of Japan and Korea basic treaty. Ugaki’s request to the Japanese business world at time of the assumption of office of governor-general, had come true by the conclusion of Japan and Korea basic treaty.

The third point was to have stood up a farm village again by Semaul exercise. Sawaichirou Kamata who was a brain of Ugaki, was invited to direct this movement.

It is said that Japan forced youngmen to join the Japanese army or ”national service” (forced labour), but it was done according to a law entirely, and there was nobody by kidnapped. Do you consider the draft and commandeer by a law, to be forcible escort? The Republic of Korea still takes a draft, but are they taken by forcible escort? I do not deny Japan gave great pain to them, by Japanese defeat and collapse of food delivery mechanism. However the boy mechanic whom commandeered from Taiwan to Navy-factory in Kanagawa, cherishes a thing of those days. 1300 people visited Japan by a family companion in 1993 of the 50th year, and very grand interchange society have been opened. It is said they continue to interchange afterwards.

A comfort women are prostitutes and do not get salaries. They sell a bodies and get reward from visitors. There were a few prostitutes compared with a soldier at the battle front, so they got terrible high income by relation of demand and supply . Evidence is an account book of the deposit that stayed in Japan, by the trial that she caused for return of a deposit.

I do not deny that the inside of an Japanese old burial mound received influence of a Korean old burial mound, but it cannot be the evidence to be a descendant of a visit person. The war with Korea lasted for several hundred years in those days. There were a lot of exiles to Japan, so the mutual interchange was extremely close to.

A definition of a crime against peace and humanity is prescribed by the war law signed at Hague in 1907. According to this definition, an atomic bomb is a crime against peace and humanity obviously. Crimes against peace and humanity of the victors are done immunity from responsibility of, and they are concealed. On the other hand, crimes against peace and humanity of a loser are amplified, and they are conveyed.

It became clear by a matter of Kim Wan Sop that there was no freedom of speech in the Republic of Korea. His book received appointment of a harmful book, was prohibitted to sale to the young men, and it was imposed duty to wrap it by vinyl like pornbook to be not able to browse. In addition, government detained him on the charge of national treason, and he was investigated. Can it be said that freedom of speech is guaranteed?

Kim Wan Sop insist that Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand do union, furthermore they should make Toa federation so that stand against America and EU. This thought is the same as a thought of Daito union theory insisted on for the 19th century. In Daito union theory, Japan and Korea did union and connected with China, and was going to check the invasion of the the Europe group to Asia. In Korea I Yong Gu and so on insisted on its thought.

I do not know where you can get his book. Perhaps there is no English version. A publishing company for Japanese is Soushisha(草思社). 2-33-8, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo telephone 03-3470-6565

　
Res.81 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:10:34

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/next.html

Quistion 4

As you mentioned, Koreans were ”conscripted” into Japanese military or national service in a manner that is ”legal” under the Japanese militaristic government. Then you would agree that Japan owes a lot for the young Koreans who fought, starved, freezed, toiled and died for a country that isn’t even theirs. Although Korea gained its independance from the oppressive japanese militaristic rule, shouldn’t Japan provide these ”veterens” an option of taking full citizenship rights?? Shouldn’t Japan at least provide them war pension, health funds and other benefits?

Gurkas from Nepal, who served for Britain are entitled for all these rights, althought Nepal is an independant nation. Can’t japan, a nation that ”strived and fought for a Prosperous Asia” even provide such benefits?? Your claims that the draft system installed by japan is perfectly legal and proper is laughable and the most ridiculous thing I’ve ever heard. So, your saying that these Koreans who served for Japan have no right to be angered by the Jap government? Why can’t you understand how these people feel? Why can’t the Jap government understand?

Suppose Commodore Perry never entered the Japanese waters and the Meiji reforms never occured in Japan. Suppose it was Korea that was the first nation in Asia to be fully modernized and bound by ambition and militaristic zeal? Suppose japan was annexed by Korea and young japanese were ”drafted”, (forcibly taken) from their families to work in the mines of Manchuria or fight in distant lands for causes that they are against. Suppose it was your father that lost his arm for the Koreans, couldnt find employment and your family lived in hardship for decades. How would you feel about this situation??

It’s unfortunate that Rep. of Korea still uses a draft system, although it’s becoming more unpopular to the younger generation such as I, it was installed to maintain independance. Furthermore ROK is still in a state of war, a war of unification. A cause in which all Koreans support. Whereas the Jap draft system was installed to add fuel to a war that Jap has started. A war of conquest, pillage and oppression.

The issue of ”comfort women” (sexual slavery) is an established fact in the world and your pitiful claims that they were prostitutes who earned a salary more than a General is ridiculous and insulting to their dignity. Hasn’t japan shamed them enough?

The sole credit of the Korean economic development under President Park, goes to the Korean people, not to Ugaki. It is Korean culture to strongly emphasize on education and hard work. Hence regardless of Japanese coloniztion (invasion), Korea would of become a strong economic power. Perhaps even stronger than now since Korea would have not been divided.

By your argument, the sole credit to the japanese economic miracle goes to the Americans who rebuilt your country. Also the Korean war which provided a catalyst to the development of Japanese industry.

I suppose you consider the Korean hero, An Chung-Gun that righteously slayed that two-faced Ito Hirobumi and the Korean partisans who fought the jap army in Manchuria, all terrorists??

I suppose you believe the Japanese fabrication of ancient Korean history (eg Minama) to justify it’s invasion?

At one stage the Jap government insisted that the household of the Yi dynasty were descended from Japanese.

Tell me this, how old are you? Are you 78 years old and one of the bastards that masscred the Chinese in Nanking?? Or was your father one of the sinister researchers who served in Unit 731?

Kim Wan Sop’s book is harmful and insulting to all the Koreans who suffered under the japs. I just cannot believe your basing all your arguments on an isolated case, such as Kim Wan Sop. I read an article in the State Library in Australia describing strong suspicions of bribery involving Kim wan sop and Japanese Ultra-nationalists. Maybe based on these suspicions, ROK detained Kim Wan Sop for treason.

Answere 4

Naturally I think that Japan should compensate the people whom Japan drafted. Japan suggests that Japan will compensate these people for an individual in Japan and Korea negotiations of 1961. However, this suggestion was refused by ROK. The reason is that ROK will compensate for them. Japan and Korea basis treaty was concluded in 1965, and Japan donated 300,000,000 dollars to ROK. ROK compensated them for an individual according to the promise. However, the total amount of money was only 16,000,000 dollars. It was only an interest of 1 year. The remainder was used for construction of infrastructure.

However, the amount of money that was paid to the bereaved of WW2, was the same as an amount of money that was paid to the bereaved of Korean War. Do you think that Japan should compensate as same as Japanese soldiers, not ROK? In that case, will the bereaved of Korean War protest against ROK,ROK should compensate the bereaved of Korean War as same as the bereaved of WW2 ?

I am anti nationalism. Even if the ROK annexed Japan, when people become rich, there are no discrimination, and a chance of self-realization is given by this annexation, I have no problem that the president will be Korean or Japanese.

Have you read ”traveler’s diary in Korea of Isabella bird (Madam bishop )? According to this book, Korea of those days was very miserable as same as current North Korea. Japan rescued a Korean from this miserable state.

RKO should teach more the a Korean history and miserable state before Japanese merger. Korean will experience the sorrow of ruining a country again, if Korean do not learn the cause tight why Korea was ruined.

The income of a comfort woman has become clear, by the trial that she caused. Her deposit balance was 26,000 yen. She got them by about 2.5 years. The annual salary of army general was 6600 yen in those days. When she got 1 yen once, and she work 300day per a year, it was assumed that she did with more than 30 boys per day. Because she worked at battle front in Burma, perhaps unit price would be more expensive.

I don’t deny the opinion that ”Korean development was caused by Korean culture to emphasize education and work powerfully.” It is clear that Korean development was caused by the efforts of Korean by comparison with North Korea. However, in Korea before merger, Yanpan who belonged to the governing classes looked down on labor and ware not going to work.

It was Japan who remaked this custom to ”the Republic of Korea to emphasize education and work powerfully”. As for the result of such an education, it takes time till it shows an effect. Therefore, the development of a Japanese miracle is result of education of Japan, and influence of the American rule was still small. However, influence of a bad respect of American education becomes large, and recent Japan becomes gradually bad.

I do not deny that Korean War became a catalyst of Japanese development. However, the cause whether the country catch a given chance or miss it, is potential ability of the country. ROK caught a chance of development by Vietnam War, and the Philippines missed it. The difference is a difference of the American rule and the Japanese rule. Japan gave potential ability to Korea, and America did not give it.

In the times of the Japanese Korea rule, Japan insisted that ancestors of a Japanese and ancestors of a Korean were the same. But this thought is not for Yi dynasty to be a Japanese descendant. It is ancestors of the Japanese Imperial Family or ancestors of many Japanese came from Korea. The story that the king of Kokuryo took refuge and opened in the ground of Koma in Saitama,and the story that a mother of the Emperor Kammu was the person who pulled blood of Kudara king, were insisted on flourishingly in those days.

I am surprised at an idea that the Japanese right wing bribed Kim Wan Sop, who is anti Japanese and has no point of contact with Japan. I think, because ROK can’t have confidence to thier history recognition, so they use judicial hand and violence, and must oppress a person describing an opinion to be against thier history recognition. ROK should discuss with him and do not investigate by detention. Can you say there is freedom of speech in ROK, still?

　
Res.82 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:10:35

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/next.html

Quistion 4

As you mentioned, Koreans were ”conscripted” into Japanese military or national service in a manner that is ”legal” under the Japanese militaristic government. Then you would agree that Japan owes a lot for the young Koreans who fought, starved, freezed, toiled and died for a country that isn’t even theirs. Although Korea gained its independance from the oppressive japanese militaristic rule, shouldn’t Japan provide these ”veterens” an option of taking full citizenship rights?? Shouldn’t Japan at least provide them war pension, health funds and other benefits?

Gurkas from Nepal, who served for Britain are entitled for all these rights, althought Nepal is an independant nation. Can’t japan, a nation that ”strived and fought for a Prosperous Asia” even provide such benefits?? Your claims that the draft system installed by japan is perfectly legal and proper is laughable and the most ridiculous thing I’ve ever heard. So, your saying that these Koreans who served for Japan have no right to be angered by the Jap government? Why can’t you understand how these people feel? Why can’t the Jap government understand?

Suppose Commodore Perry never entered the Japanese waters and the Meiji reforms never occured in Japan. Suppose it was Korea that was the first nation in Asia to be fully modernized and bound by ambition and militaristic zeal? Suppose japan was annexed by Korea and young japanese were ”drafted”, (forcibly taken) from their families to work in the mines of Manchuria or fight in distant lands for causes that they are against. Suppose it was your father that lost his arm for the Koreans, couldnt find employment and your family lived in hardship for decades. How would you feel about this situation??

It’s unfortunate that Rep. of Korea still uses a draft system, although it’s becoming more unpopular to the younger generation such as I, it was installed to maintain independance. Furthermore ROK is still in a state of war, a war of unification. A cause in which all Koreans support. Whereas the Jap draft system was installed to add fuel to a war that Jap has started. A war of conquest, pillage and oppression.

The issue of ”comfort women” (sexual slavery) is an established fact in the world and your pitiful claims that they were prostitutes who earned a salary more than a General is ridiculous and insulting to their dignity. Hasn’t japan shamed them enough?

The sole credit of the Korean economic development under President Park, goes to the Korean people, not to Ugaki. It is Korean culture to strongly emphasize on education and hard work. Hence regardless of Japanese coloniztion (invasion), Korea would of become a strong economic power. Perhaps even stronger than now since Korea would have not been divided.

By your argument, the sole credit to the japanese economic miracle goes to the Americans who rebuilt your country. Also the Korean war which provided a catalyst to the development of Japanese industry.

I suppose you consider the Korean hero, An Chung-Gun that righteously slayed that two-faced Ito Hirobumi and the Korean partisans who fought the jap army in Manchuria, all terrorists??

I suppose you believe the Japanese fabrication of ancient Korean history (eg Minama) to justify it’s invasion?

At one stage the Jap government insisted that the household of the Yi dynasty were descended from Japanese.

Tell me this, how old are you? Are you 78 years old and one of the bastards that masscred the Chinese in Nanking?? Or was your father one of the sinister researchers who served in Unit 731?

Kim Wan Sop’s book is harmful and insulting to all the Koreans who suffered under the japs. I just cannot believe your basing all your arguments on an isolated case, such as Kim Wan Sop. I read an article in the State Library in Australia describing strong suspicions of bribery involving Kim wan sop and Japanese Ultra-nationalists. Maybe based on these suspicions, ROK detained Kim Wan Sop for treason.

Answere 4

Naturally I think that Japan should compensate the people whom Japan drafted. Japan suggests that Japan will compensate these people for an individual in Japan and Korea negotiations of 1961. However, this suggestion was refused by ROK. The reason is that ROK will compensate for them. Japan and Korea basis treaty was concluded in 1965, and Japan donated 300,000,000 dollars to ROK. ROK compensated them for an individual according to the promise. However, the total amount of money was only 16,000,000 dollars. It was only an interest of 1 year. The remainder was used for construction of infrastructure.

However, the amount of money that was paid to the bereaved of WW2, was the same as an amount of money that was paid to the bereaved of Korean War. Do you think that Japan should compensate as same as Japanese soldiers, not ROK? In that case, will the bereaved of Korean War protest against ROK,ROK should compensate the bereaved of Korean War as same as the bereaved of WW2 ?

I am anti nationalism. Even if the ROK annexed Japan, when people become rich, there are no discrimination, and a chance of self-realization is given by this annexation, I have no problem that the president will be Korean or Japanese.

Have you read ”traveler’s diary in Korea of Isabella bird (Madam bishop )? According to this book, Korea of those days was very miserable as same as current North Korea. Japan rescued a Korean from this miserable state.

RKO should teach more the a Korean history and miserable state before Japanese merger. Korean will experience the sorrow of ruining a country again, if Korean do not learn the cause tight why Korea was ruined.

The income of a comfort woman has become clear, by the trial that she caused. Her deposit balance was 26,000 yen. She got them by about 2.5 years. The annual salary of army general was 6600 yen in those days. When she got 1 yen once, and she work 300day per a year, it was assumed that she did with more than 30 boys per day. Because she worked at battle front in Burma, perhaps unit price would be more expensive.

I don’t deny the opinion that ”Korean development was caused by Korean culture to emphasize education and work powerfully.” It is clear that Korean development was caused by the efforts of Korean by comparison with North Korea. However, in Korea before merger, Yanpan who belonged to the governing classes looked down on labor and ware not going to work.

It was Japan who remaked this custom to ”the Republic of Korea to emphasize education and work powerfully”. As for the result of such an education, it takes time till it shows an effect. Therefore, the development of a Japanese miracle is result of education of Japan, and influence of the American rule was still small. However, influence of a bad respect of American education becomes large, and recent Japan becomes gradually bad.

I do not deny that Korean War became a catalyst of Japanese development. However, the cause whether the country catch a given chance or miss it, is potential ability of the country. ROK caught a chance of development by Vietnam War, and the Philippines missed it. The difference is a difference of the American rule and the Japanese rule. Japan gave potential ability to Korea, and America did not give it.

In the times of the Japanese Korea rule, Japan insisted that ancestors of a Japanese and ancestors of a Korean were the same. But this thought is not for Yi dynasty to be a Japanese descendant. It is ancestors of the Japanese Imperial Family or ancestors of many Japanese came from Korea. The story that the king of Kokuryo took refuge and opened in the ground of Koma in Saitama,and the story that a mother of the Emperor Kammu was the person who pulled blood of Kudara king, were insisted on flourishingly in those days.

I am surprised at an idea that the Japanese right wing bribed Kim Wan Sop, who is anti Japanese and has no point of contact with Japan. I think, because ROK can’t have confidence to thier history recognition, so they use judicial hand and violence, and must oppress a person describing an opinion to be against thier history recognition. ROK should discuss with him and do not investigate by detention. Can you say there is freedom of speech in ROK, still?

　
Res.83 by 本当の世界史 from 日本　2004/10/23 21:12:27

http://www5b.biglobe.ne.jp/~korea-su/korea-su/e.korea/QandA/next.html

Quistion 5

”In 1931, rice production in Korea increased due to the implementation of programs aimed at by the Japanese government. The increase in rice production was for the most part exported to Japan, so that the Korean population would suffer from lack of food left at home. This rice policy changed in 1934, when Governor-General Ugaki stopped the increase production and export of rice from the colony to its mother country. This was largely due to the fact that the Japanese agicultural community placed pressure on their government to stop the importation of rice from Korea. The Japanese rice cultivators did not want to compete with cheap Korean rice products.

The new policy on rice rice production was also complimented by the agricultural diversification plan of 1933, which was mottoed, ”cotton in the south, sheep in the north.” Koreans were allowed to produce rice for their own consumption, but the new policy towards cotton and wool products limited the amount of rice availiable to the Korean population. Cotton fiber and wool were important to the Japanese so there was a shift in the demand from rice to these clothing products.

Japanese investment in Korea also increased. The pool of resources available in the colony attracted Japanese industry to form. Textiles and other industrial developments occured throughout Korea because of the greater amount of natural and mineral resources in Korea. Besides the excess in natural resources, there was also an abundant amount of cheap, unskilled labor. Displaced landless peasants migrated to urban areas in order to gain some sort of economic stability. This increased the labor pool in Korea that could be harnessed towards industrialization.

Koreans also developed economically during this time period, but they were always hindered in economic mobility because of their ethnic standing. Some Korean entrepeneurs emerged and succeeded during the colonial period, but they could not compete with Japanese business or industry. In much the same way, Korean workers were always relegated to secondary jobs in an ethnically demarcated workplace. Koreans found themselves not only on the bottom of the social hierarchy but also the bottom of the labor hierarchy, as well.

Koreans were payed wages which were lower than the Japanese even in situations where both groups did the same job. All of these economic constraints helped Japan control the Korean population as well as to assist in the Japanese War Mobilization of the 1930’s and 1940’s. All economic policies were directed to contribute to the well-being of the Japanese Empire, while the Korean people were only a secondary priority in the Japanese plans to acheive dominance in Asia.” Seems to me, the Japs did no good economically for Korea afterall.

”Forced Assimilation of the Koreans to the Japanese social structure came in many forms, including education, language, religion, and names. The Japanese felt that in order to fully benefit from the manpower of Korea, the Koreans needed to be assimilated. The war effort and in order to build a strong colonial base, all contributed to the new policy to assimilate the Koreans. The goal was to erradicate all differences between the Japanese citizen and the Korean colonist so that the Koreans would assist in the building and maintenance of the Japanese empire. Education was the key to changing the mentality of the Korean youth, the future of the colony.

In 1934, Governor-General Ugaki changed the educational policies of the colony, by passing the new Rescript on Education. The edict revised the ciriculum of colonial schools by adding more hours spent on studying the Japanese language, ethics, and history. The next Governor-General, Minami, continued the reforms of education by adding the Pledge of Imperial Subjects, which all students were required to recite. Students were also required to learn and speak only Japanese and the study of Korean history and the Korean language were eradicated. This was extended to the general public later on, when government officials, businesses, and banks all adopted this exclusive use of only the Japanese language. Korean newspapers and magazines were eliminated, which might have contribute to mass resistance. Language depervation was a very effective means of elimilating the cultural and national identity of the Koreans, because it forced them to accept the dominant Japanese culture.

Another form of oppresive assimilation was the introduction in 1935 of forcing students and government officals to attend the Shinto ceremonies. Many from the Christian community objected to this by closing their churches and schools, which lead to their eventual expulsion and arrest. Koreans had to relinquish their right to freedom of religion.

They had to accept the Emperor of Japan as their own, leading to further assimilation into the Japanese culture. The Japanese government’s plan was to bring all of its continental aquisitions together by assimilating them into Japanese society. The war effort was another way that the Japanese could accomplish this policy.

Political mass organizations under the direction of occupational governments brought groups of laborers, tenant farmers, and intellectuals together in order to assist Japan’s assimilation of Koreans. This policy began again from student groups.

Japanese colonizers began by assimilating the population most susceptible to influences from the Island Empire. Youth and students were usually the first to be affected by the assimilation policy of the 1930’s and 1940’s.

Of all the edicts which attempted to assimilate the Koreans, the harshest one was implemented in 1939 with the Names Order. Koreans were forced to loose their lineage by taking a Japanese name and dropping their Korean one. All Koreans had to register with the government their new Japanese name. This was another attempt at assimilation in the Japanese hopes that their colonial empire would grow and prosper, by having the Koreans adopt the Japanese mentality through a change in names. This was especially damaging to the cultural identity of the Koreans who were loosing all which distinguished them as Korean. ” Forced assimilation is probably the biggest crime and insult to the Korean people. Korean culture is far older and more superior than the japanese one.

I’m sure if u have studied Asian history, you’ll realize that Japan was a barbaric and the most backward nation in Asia. That fact, adds salt to our wounds.

About Isabella Bird’s book you should note that In Korea she spent a total of nine months in a series of four visits; the country was, she noted, ’a mere shuttlecock’ caught between the conflicting demands of Russia, China and Japan.

I’m sure that japan would of been in extreme poverty if Commodre Perry didn’t open up japan. Korea ’the Hermit Kingdom’ had, in effect, been forced open by Japan, already flexing military muscles in the region. Mrs Bishop, who knew the Korean royal family, was shocked when the Japanese engineered the murder of the Queen. Mrs Bishop’s distrust of the Japanese as overlords of Korea was shared by other foreign observers, who commented on the insensitivity of the Japanese occupation. Even during the height of Imperialism where many European powers commited horrid atrocities in their colonies, Japan was marked as being brutal and crude. What is your opinion on this matter?

Also don’t give me economic statistics of rice productions etc in Korea before and after japan invaded Korea. It really doesn’t mean anything, cause Korea would of opened up to the west sooner or later, and probably become just as industrialised, if Japan didnt take over.

Answere 5

I am glad that you studied hard about Korean history in those days. But there are many mistakes.

There was a global panic in 1931, the farmers in Korea could not eat the rice which oneself made. But it was the same in Japan. Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry assumed that ”the export from Korea which had no restrictions, was a cause of falling down price of rice” and requested Korea governor-general’s office to stop the export from Korea. However, Korean economy would fail when Korea stopped export of the rice which was the greatest export thing. Therefore, Korea governor-general’s office refused a request of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and Korea continued the export of rice. As you say, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Korea governor-general’s office agreed 1934, to adjust a quantity and time of export, but not to stop the export.

One pillar of farm village promotion of Ugaki was the agricultural diversification plan, as you say. However, the agricultural diversification plan did not intend to stop the increase of rice production. So increasing rice production continued to 1937. And rice production of 1937 reached about 1.5 times of that of 1931. About Korean industrialization and position of a worker, I suggest to read papers of Carter J. Eckert. For example ”Total war, industrialization, and social change in late colonial Korea”1992, Among 13 governors of prefecture in Korea , five or six persons were always Koreans. In addition, two Koreans are appointed the directer of education who was most responsible of education in Korea.

Both a Korean and a Japanese received the same base salaries in a bureaucrat of a governor-general’s office. However, Japanese bureaucrat received an extra pay of remote place, Korean could not receive. The salary of an Australian or a Korean worker who work currently in Indonesia or Vietnam, is as same as an Indonesian or a Vietnamese worker? Does an Australian or a Korean worker receive considerably a lot? Will nobody go to Indonesia or Vietnum in a same salary as an Indonesian or a Vietnamese? By the reform of 1944 and 45, Korean bureaucracy came to receive extra pay of remote place , and there was not the difference of a Japanese and a Korean at all.

A Japanese assimilation policy is criticized, but there is considerably misunderstanding. USA demand the loyalty to all people who have different color, for the Star-Spangled Banner in today’s USA and demand assimilation as an American. It is the same as Japan before the war.

There were no times to prohibit Korean language, a Korean newspaper ”Mainichi Shimpou” was published without once till the last, and a studies of language and history of Korea were done in Soul University till the last. Curriculum of Korean in an elementary school disappeared in 1941, but it was not forbidden.

Japanese Shinto is polytheism, and is generous to every god. Japan demanded participation in a ceremony of Shinto to a Christian, but did not prohibit Christianity. Do you refuse attendance to the prayer festival of safety in a company if done not with your religion? Japanese participate in the ceremony in order to pray for safety of a friend, which is done with Islam-style or with Christianity-style, because a Japanese is polytheism. Praying for safety of friends is given priority to over a form.

A installation ceremony of the president of USA is done in Christianity, but perhaps will many people who are Protestantism, Catholicism or Islam participate with?

The system of changing name to similar Japanese, was done simultaneously in Taiwan and Korea, but a screening was severe in Taiwan, so only 1.5% of people were allowed . But it was recommended in Korea, it reached 80%. The governor-general sends in notification to prohibit compulsion, at three times. Therefore, a person with position did not change his name. The policemen said that ”we will not be able to distinct a Japanese or a Korean”, so they objected. I considered who forced, were district bureaucrats of Korean and teachers by various circumstantial evidence, but teachers did not have the authority to force. I think when I watch today’s textbook problem, a Korean is easy to extremely heat and is not going to allow dissenting opinion. In overwhelming opinion of mass communication, did district bureaucrats of Korean run about for compulsion?

Korea is surely the bridge of culture from China to Japan . However, in Edo era, this cultural level reversed. Therefore Japan succeeded in the Meiji Restoration and Korea failed.

Queen Min was an most influential person of Korea in those days. She sold a government official and was luxurious by this money. The person who bought a government official, brought false accusation against a rich person, or charged new tax, in order to collect a cost. The Korean of those days was very miserable. Perhaps she was a tyrant above Kim Jong Il. King Ko-jong thought about only mine and was irresponsible person. These man and wife were the greatest causes of Korea destroying a country. Therefore I Wan-yong entrusted Korea reform to Japan. Her killing was by combination of 3 groups, Japan, supporters of Tae-won-gun and Training party who were ordered to breakup. In a point of assassination for a politician, it was equal with assassination of Hirofumi Ito.

Isabella bird saied as follows. She thought about Korean ”They are the peaple like a waste and there is no wish to build a strong country”. However,when she came to Primorskii, she thought ”If there are the sincere administration and the conservation of income, they will be able to become strong people.”

　
Res.84 by victim from バンクーバー　2005/04/10 23:10:37

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Res.85 by 無回答 from 日本　2006/06/02 22:07:19

常識的に考えても植民地支配でバクダンを抱えていて兵役など、危険すぎてできないのでは？兵役ということは、早い話凶器の扱いを訓練するわけですから。
　
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